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This article presents the realization of a tensegrity-based robot composed of a three-bar symmetric prismlike minimal tensegrity configuration. Statics and kinematics are studied presenting the workspace for the designed robot. After a detailed implementation description of the physical robot, some trajectories within its workspace are analyzed. Although our long-term objective is to provide mobile tensegrity-based robots to the community, this work studies a case in which the robot is anchored to the ground. This provides us with a first insight of how these structures should be actuated and sensed to produce movement. ; This work has been supported by project PROFIT CIT-020400-2007-78 financed by the Education and Science Ministry of the Spanish Government. ; Peer Reviewed

The main objective of this paper is twofold. First, to conclude the overview about tensegrity frameworks, started by the same authors in a previous work, covering the most important dynamic aspects of such structures. Here, the most common approaches to tensegrity dynamic modeling used so far are presented, giving the most important results about their dynamic behavior under external action. Also, the main underlying problems are identified which allow the authors to give a clear picture of the main research lines currently open, as well as the most relevant contributions in each of them, which is in fact the second main objective of this paper. From the extensive literature available on the subject, four main areas have been identified: design and form-finding methods which deal with the problem of finding stable configurations, shape changing algorithms which deal with the problem of finding stable trajectories between them and, also control algorithms which take into account the dynamic model of the tensegrity structure and possible external perturbations to achieve the desired goal and performance. Finally, some applications of such structures are presented emphasizing the increasing interest of the scientific community on tensegrity structures. ; This work was supported by projects: 'Estudio de estructuras tensegrity para el desarrollo de sensores manipuladores y robots móviles' (4798), 'Estudio y diseño de manipulador mecánico sobreactuado basado en estructuras tensigrity' (4801/Ref.CIT-020400-2007-78). This work has been partially supported by the projects CICyT DPI2006-14001 and PROFIT CIT-020400-2007-78 both financed by the Education and Science Ministry of the Spanish Government. ; Peer Reviewed

This paper hands in a review of the basic issues about the statics of tensegrity structures. Definitions and notation for the most important concepts, borrowed from the vast existing literature, are summarized. All of these concepts and definitions provide a complete mathematical framework to analyze the rigidity and stability properties of tensegrity structures from three different, but related, points of view: motions, forces and energy approaches. Several rigidity and stability definitions are presented in this paper and hierarchically ordered, from the strongest condition of infinitesimal rigidity to the more wide concept of simple rigidity, so extending some previous classifications already available. Important theorems regarding the relationship between these definitions are also put together to complete the static overview of tensegrity structures. Examples of different tensegrity structures belonging to each of the rigidity and stability ca\-tegories presented are described and analyzed. Concluding the static analysis of tensegrity structures, a review of existing form-finding methods is presented. ; This work was supported by projects: 'Estudio de estructuras tensegrity para el desarrollo de sensores manipuladores y robots móviles' (4798), 'Estudio y diseño de manipulador mecánico sobreactuado basado en estructuras tensigrity' (4801/Ref.CIT-020400-2007-78). This work has been partially supported by the projects CICyT DPI2006-14001 and PROFIT CIT-020400-2007-78 both financied by the Education and Science Ministry of the Spanish Government. ; Peer Reviewed

Behavioural modelling of physical systems from observations of their input/output behaviour is an important task in engineering. Such models are needed for fault monitoring as well as intelligent control of these systems. The paper addresses one subtask of behavioural modelling, namely the selection of input variables to be used in predicting the behaviour of an output variable. A technique that is well suited for qualitative behavioural modelling and simulation of physical systems is Fuzzy Inductive Reasoning (FIR), a methodology based on General System Theory. Yet, the FIR modelling methodology is of exponential computational complexity, and therefore, it may be useful to consider other approaches as booster techniques for FIR. Different variable selection algorithms: the method of the unreconstructed variance for the best reconstruction, methods based on regression coefficients (OLS, PCR and PLS) and other methods as Multiple Correlation Coefficients (MCC), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis are discussed and compared to each other for use in predicting the behaviour of a steam generator. The different variable selection algorithms previously named are then used as booster techniques for FIR. Some of the used linear techniques have been found to be non-effective in the task of selecting variables in order to compute a posterior FIR model. Methods based on clustering seem particularly well suited for pre-selecting subsets of variables to be used in a FIR modelling and simulation effort. ; The research reported in this article was made possible, thanks to a Ph.D. fellowship of the Ministry for Education and Culture from the Spanish Government funded within the frame of the TAP96-0882 project. ; Peer Reviewed

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license.-- et al. ; In this article we explain the architecture for the environment and sensors that has been built for the European project URUS (Ubiquitous Networking Robotics in Urban Sites), a project whose objective is to develop an adaptable network robot architecture for cooperation between network robots and human beings and/or the environment in urban areas. The project goal is to deploy a team of robots in an urban area to give a set of services to a user community. This paper addresses the sensor architecture devised for URUS and the type of robots and sensors used, including environment sensors and sensors onboard the robots. Furthermore, we also explain how sensor fusion takes place to achieve urban outdoor execution of robotic services. Finally some results of the project related to the sensor network are highlighted. ; This work has been supported by URUS, the Ubiquitous Robotics in Urban Settings project, funded by the European Commission (FP6-IST-045062), by CONET, the Cooperating Objects Network of Excellence (FP7-2007-2-224053), by the Spanish National projects UbRob, Ubiqitous Robotics in Urban Settings (DPI2007-61452) and PAU, Perception and Action under Uncertainty (DPI2008-06022) of the DPI program; and MIPRCV, Multimodal Interaction in Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision of the Consolider Ingenio 2010 program (CSD2007-00018); and by the project SIRE, funded by the Andalusian Government (P06-TEP-01494). ; Peer Reviewed

BackgroundChildhood overweight and obesity is a serious public health issue with an increase being observed in preschool-aged children. Treating childhood obesity is difficult and few countries use standardized treatments. Therefore, there is a need to find effective approaches that are feasible for both health care providers and families. Thus, the overall aim of this study is to assess the acceptance and effectiveness of a parent support program (the More and Less, ML) for the management of overweight and obesity followed by a mobile health (mHealth) program (the MINISTOP application) in a socially diverse population of families.Methods/designA two-arm, parallel design randomized controlled trial in 300 2-to 6-year-old children with overweight and obesity from Romania, Spain and Sweden (n=100 from each). Following baseline assessments children are randomized into the intervention or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention, the ML program, consists of 10-weekly group sessions which focus on evidence-based parenting practices, followed by the previously validated MINISTOP application for 6-months to support healthy eating and physical activity behaviors. The primary outcome is change in body mass index (BMI) z-score after 9-months and secondary outcomes include: waist circumference, eating behavior (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire), parenting behavior (Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire), physical activity (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT), dietary patterns (based onmetabolic markers from urine and 24h dietary recalls), epigenetic and gut hormones (fasting blood samples), and the overall acceptance of the overweight and obesity management in young children (semi-structured interviews). Outcomes are measured at baseline and after: 10-weeks (only BMI z-score, waist circumference), 9-months (all outcomes), 15- and 21-months (all outcomes except physical activity, dietary patterns, epigenetics and gut hormones) post-baseline.DiscussionThis study will evaluate a parent support program for weight management in young children in three European countries. To boost the effect of the ML program the families will be supported by an app for 6-months. If the program is found to be effective, it has the potential to be implemented into routine care to reduce overweight and obesity in young children and the app could prove to be a viable option for sustained effects of the care provided.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03800823; 11 Jan 2019. ; Funding Agencies|STOP project; European Union [774548]; CIBEROBN [CB12/03/30038]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; European Regional Development Fund; Fernando Tarongi Bauza Grant; CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Our aim was to characterize the effects of calorie restriction on the anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of sportsmen and to evaluate the effects of calorie restriction and acute exercise on mitochondria energetics, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Twenty volunteer taekwondo practitioners undertook a calorie restriction of 30–40% on three alternate days a week for one month. Eleven volunteer sportsmen participated as controls. Both groups performed an energy efficiency test to evaluate physical performance, and samples were taken before and after exercise. The total weight of participants significantly decreased (5.9%) after calorie restriction, while the efficiency of work and the contributions of fat to obtain energy were enhanced by calorie restriction. No significant differences induced by acute exercise were observed in individual non-esterified fatty acid percentage or oxidative stress markers. Calorie restriction downregulated the basal gene expression of nitric oxide synthase, antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, and repairing stress proteins, but it enhanced the expression of sirtuins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, one month of calorie restriction decreases body weight and increases physical performance, enhancing energy efficiency, moderating the antioxidant and inflammatory basal gene expression, and influencing its response to acute exercise. ; This research was funded by Acción Estratégica en Salud del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación DPS2008-07033-C03-03, Program of Promotion of Biomedical Research and Health Sciences, Projects 11/01791, Red Predimed-RETIC RD06/0045/1004, CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038, and Balearic Island Government (35/2011 and 23/2012) and FEDER funds. X.C. was funded by a FOLIUM program of Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears. M.H.L. was founded by APOSTD/2017/023 fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana to APS.

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 12 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. ; BACKGROUND: To evaluate modifiable, lifestyle risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among older adults, across ageing, in the Mediterranean area. METHODS: During 2005-2017, 3131 individuals from 26 Mediterranean islands of 5 countries, ≥65 years of age, were voluntarily enrolled. Anthropometrical, clinical and socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle parameters were measured through standard procedures. Analyses were performed by year and across consecutive age groups of the participants. RESULTS: A decrease in the prevalence of current smoking (p < 0.001), engagement in physical activities (p = 0.001) and participation in social events (p = 0.001) for every year increase in age was found. Moderate alcohol drinking increased through ageing (p = 0.008), whereas adherence to Mediterranean diet remained stable, but adequate (p = 0.90). Trend analysis also revealed that a quadratic (U-shape) function better characterized the association between ageing and total cardiometabolic risk factors burden (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The gaps in the understanding of factors affecting longevity and healthy ageing remain; public health authorities and stakeholders should focus on the lifestyle determinants of healthy ageing, that seems to be an effective mean for improving older peoples' health. ; The Study was funded by Research grants from the Hellenic Heart Foundation (001/2009), the Graduate Program of the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Harokopio University (001/2010) and the Rutgers University, NJ, USA (GA #5884). Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture (IPEP), the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference no. CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII - Spain) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Demosthenes Panagiotakos and Stefano Tyrovolas have been funded for ATHLOS project to study trajectories of healthy ageing (European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, grant agreement No 635316). Josep A. Tur was funded by grants PI11/01791, CIBERobn CB12/03/30038, and CAIB/EU 35/2001. ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print

[Abstract] Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is essential to healthy mental and physical development in early life. However, the prevalence of physical inactivity, which is considered a key modifiable driver of childhood obesity, has reached alarming levels among European youth. There is a need to update the data for Spain, in order to establish if current measures are effective or new approaches are needed. Methods and analysis: We present the protocol for Physical Activity, Sedentarism, lifestyles and Obesity in Spanish youth (PASOS). This observational, nationally representative, multicentre study aims to determine the PA levels, sedentary behaviours and prevalence of physical inactivity (defined as <60 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day) in a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. The PASOS study has recruited a representative random sample of children and adolescents aged 8–16 years from 242 educational centres in the 17 'autonomous regions' into which Spain is divided. The aim is to include a total of 4508 youth participants and their families. Weight, height and waist circumference will be measured by standardised procedures. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, quality of life, sleep duration, PA and sedentary behaviour are being measured by validated questionnaires. PA is measured by the Physical Activity Unit 7-item Screener. A representative subsample (10% of participants) was randomly selected to wear accelerometers for 9 days to obtain objective data on PA. Parents are asked about their educational level, time spent doing PA, diet quality, self-perceived stress, smoking habit, weight, height, their child's birth weight and if the child was breast fed. ; PASOS study has been funded mainly by Fundación PROBITAS and Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, IFA, Viena and Fundación Deporte Jóven. MMB is funded by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), which is cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund (CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038), grant of support to research groups number 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov) and EU COST Action CA16112. PASOS has the institutional support of Spain's Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare through the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (ASEAN), the High Commission against Child Poverty, the High Sports Council, the General College of Professional Associations of Physical Education and Sports, and the Departments of Education and/or Health and/or Sports of Spain's 17 autonomous regions. The CIBERESP and the CIBEROBN are initiatives of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. ; Gobierno de las Islas Baleares; 35/2011 ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology; CA16112

Limited data exists on the interrelationships between physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors and sleep concerning cardiometabolic risk factors in aged adults at high cardiovascular disease risk. Our aim was to examine independent and joint associations between time spent in leisure-time PA, sedentary behaviors and sleep on the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Mediterranean individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Cross-sectional analyses were performed on baseline data from 5776 Spanish adults (aged 55-75y in men; 60-75y in women) with overweight/obesity and MetS, from October 2013 to October 2016, in the PREDIMED-PLUS trial. Employing multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with robust variance and constant time (given the cross-sectional design), higher prevalence of obesity, T2D and abdominal obesity as component of the MetS were associated with greater time in TV-viewing (Relative Risk, RR: 1.02, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.03; RR:1.04, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.06 and RR: 1.01 95%CI: 1.00, 1.02; respectively, all P < .01). Conversely, greater time in moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with lower prevalence of obesity, T2D, abdominal obesity and low HDL-cholesterol (RR: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.93, 0.97; RR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.89, 0.99; RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.98; and RR: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.91, 0.99, respectively, all P < .05). For these outcomes, theoretically substituting 1-h/day of MVPA for 1-h/day TV-viewing was also significantly associated with lower prevalence (RR 0.91 to 0.97, all P < .05). Similar lower RR in these outcomes was observed when substituting 1-h/day of MVPA for 1-h/day of sleeping. Longer time watching TV and not meeting MVPA recommendations were jointly associated with higher RR of the prevalence of obesity and T2D. We concluded that, in senior individuals at high cardiovascular risk, greater time spent on MVPA and fewer on sedentary behaviors was inversely associated with prevalence of obesity, T2D, and some of the components of MetS. ; This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (Carlos III Health Institute) through the Fondo de Investigacion para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (two coordinated FIS projects leaded by Jordi Salas-Salvado and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728 PI13/01090 PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14- 00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853), the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) granted to MAMG, the Recercaixa grant 2013 (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejeria de Salud de la Junta de Andalucia (PI0458/2013), and the SEMERGEN grant. NRE has been beneficiary of a predoctoral FIAGAUR 2016 Grant from the Catalan Government; Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya. None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. CIBERobn (Centros de Investigacion Biomedica en Red: Obesidad y Nutricion), CIBEResp (Centros de Investigacion Biomedica en Red: Epidemiologia y Salud Publica) and CIBERdem (Centros de Investigacion Biomedica en Red: Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas asociadas) are initiatives of ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. ; Sí

Limited data exists on the interrelationships between physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors and sleep concerning cardiometabolic risk factors in aged adults at high cardiovascular disease risk. Our aim was to examine independent and joint associations between time spent in leisure-time PA, sedentary behaviors and sleep on the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Mediterranean individuals at high cardiovascular risk. Cross-sectional analyses were performed on baseline data from 5776 Spanish adults (aged 55-75y in men; 60-75y in women) with overweight/obesity and MetS, from October 2013 to October 2016, in the PREDIMED-PLUS trial. Employing multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with robust variance and constant time (given the cross-sectional design), higher prevalence of obesity, T2D and abdominal obesity as component of the MetS were associated with greater time in TV-viewing (Relative Risk, RR: 1.02, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.03; RR:1.04, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.06 and RR: 1.01 95%CI: 1.00, 1.02; respectively, all P < .01). Conversely, greater time in moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) was associated with lower prevalence of obesity, T2D, abdominal obesity and low HDL-cholesterol (RR: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.93, 0.97; RR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.89, 0.99; RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96, 0.98; and RR: 0.95, 95%CI: 0.91, 0.99, respectively, all P < .05). For these outcomes, theoretically substituting 1-h/day of MVPA for 1-h/day TV-viewing was also significantly associated with lower prevalence (RR 0.91 to 0.97, all P < .05). Similar lower RR in these outcomes was observed when substituting 1-h/day of MVPA for 1-h/day of sleeping. Longer time watching TV and not meeting MVPA recommendations were jointly associated with higher RR of the prevalence of obesity and T2D. We concluded that, in senior individuals at high cardiovascular risk, greater time spent on MVPA and fewer on sedentary behaviors was inversely associated with prevalence of obesity, T2D, and some of the components of MetS. ; This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (Carlos III Health Institute) through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (two coordinated FIS projects leaded by Jordi Salas-Salvadó and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728 PI13/01090 PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14- 00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853), the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) granted to MAMG, the Recercaixa grant 2013 (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013), and the SEMERGEN grant. NRE has been beneficiary of a predoctoral FIAGAUR 2016 Grant from the Catalan Government; Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, entire populations were instructed to live in home-confinement to prevent the expansion of the disease. Spain was one of the countries with the strictest conditions, as outdoor physical activity was banned for nearly two months. This study aimed to analyse the changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Spanish university students before and during the confinement by COVID-19 with special focus on gender. We also analysed enjoyment, the tools used and motivation and impediments for doing physical activity. An online questionnaire, which included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and certain 'ad hoc' questions, was designed. Students were recruited by distributing an invitation through the administrative channels of 16 universities and a total of 13,754 valid surveys were collected. Overall, university students reduced moderate (-29.5%) and vigorous (-18.3%) physical activity during the confinement and increased sedentary time (+52.7%). However, they spent more time on high intensity interval training (HIIT) (+18.2%) and mind-body activities (e.g., yoga) (+80.0%). Adaptation to the confinement, in terms of physical activity, was handled better by women than by men. These results will help design strategies for each gender to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour during confinement periods. ; This research was funded by the High Sports Council (Consejo Superior de Deportes, CSD) of the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Government of Spain, grant number 45/UPB/20. A.E. is a recipient of a grant of the Basque Government (Eusko Jaurlaritza), grant number PRE_2019_1_0373. D.J.-P. is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-MINECO, grant number RYC-2014-16938.

[Abstract] The aim of this study is to evaluate if screen time and parents' education levels are associated with adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern. This cross-sectional study analyzed a representative sample of 3333 children and adolescents (8 to 16 years) included in the Physical Activity, Sedentarism, lifestyles and Obesity in Spanish youth (PASOS) study in Spain (which ran from March 2019 to February 2020). Data on screen time (television, computer, video games, and mobile phone) per day, Mediterranean diet adherence, daily moderate or vigorous physical activity, and parents' education levels were gathered using questionnaires. A descriptive study of the variables according to sex and parents' education level was performed. Logistic regression models (adjusted by sex and weight status) were fitted to evaluate the independent association between screen time and Kids' level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED) index, as well as some of its items. A greater amount of screen time was associated with worse adherence to the Mediterranean diet; a lower consumption of fruit, vegetables, fish, legumes, and nuts; and a greater consumption of fast food, sweets, and candies. A lower parents' education level was associated with worse adherence to the Mediterranean diet. It is necessary to promote the responsible, limited use of screen time, especially in children with parents with a lower education level. ; The PASOS study was funded by Fundación PROBITAS and the Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, IFA, Vienna and the Fundación Deporte Jóven. J.A.T. and M.M.B. are funded by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038).

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01169-w Additional file 1 Supplementary Table 1.Characteristics of the validation study participants and the remaining participants of the population-based PASOS cohort. Additional file 2 Supplementary Table 2.Correlation coefficients and between-method agreement of moderate to vigorous physical activity measurements derived by the Physical Activity Unit 7-item screener, non-calibrated and calibrated, and the reference method (accelerometer),stratified by age ; [Abstract] Background Validation of self-reported tools, such as physical activity (PA) questionnaires, is crucial. The aim of this study was to determine test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and the concurrent, construct, and predictive validity of the short semi-quantitative Physical Activity Unit 7 item Screener (PAU-7S), using accelerometry as the reference measurement. The effect of linear calibration on PAU-7S validity was tested. Methods A randomized sample of 321 healthy children aged 8–16 years (149 boys, 172 girls) from the nationwide representative PASOS study completed the PAU-7S before and after wearing an accelerometer for at least 7 consecutive days. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. Cronbach alpha was calculated for internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was determined by intra-class correlation (ICC). Concurrent validity was assessed by ICC and Spearman correlation coefficient between moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) derived by the PAU-7S and by accelerometer. Concordance between both methods was analyzed by absolute agreement, weighted kappa, and Bland-Altman statistics. Multiple linear regression models were fitted for construct validity and predictive validity was determined by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results The PAU-7S overestimated MVPA by 18%, compared to accelerometers (106.5 ± 77.0 vs 95.2 ± 33.2 min/day, respectively). A Cronbach alpha of 0.76 showed an acceptable internal consistency of the PAU-7S. Test-retest reliability was good (ICC 0.71 p < 0.001). Spearman correlation and ICC coefficients of MVPA derived by the PAU-7S and accelerometers increased from 0.31 to 0.62 and 0.20 to 0.62, respectively, after calibration of the PAU-7S. Between-methods concordance improved from a weighted kappa of 0.24 to 0.50 after calibration. A slight reduction in ICC, from 0.62 to 0.60, yielded good predictive validity. Multiple linear regression models showed an inverse association of MVPA with standardized body mass index (β − 0.162; p < 0.077) and waist to height ratio (β − 0.010; p < 0.014). All validity dimensions were somewhat stronger in boys compared to girls. Conclusion The PAU-7S shows a good test-retest reliability and acceptable internal consistency. All dimensions of validity increased from poor/fair to moderate/good after calibration. The PAU-7S is a valid instrument for measuring MVPA in children and adolescents. ; PASOS study has been funded mainly by Fundación PROBITAS and Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, Grupo IFA, Viena and Fundación Deporte Jóven, grant of support to research groups number 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov) and EU COST Action CA16112. J.A.T. and M.M.B. are funded by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), which is cofunded by the 333 European Regional Development Fund (CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038). PASOS has the institutional support of Spain's Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, the Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare through the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (ASEAN), the High Commission against Child Poverty, the High Sports Council, the General College of Professional Associations of Physical Education and Sports, and the Departments of Education and/or Health and/or Sports of Spain's 17 autonomous regions. The CIBERESP and the CIBEROBN are initiatives of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. ; Gobierno de las Islas Baleares; 35/2011 ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology; CA16112

The aim of this study is to evaluate if screen time and parents' education levels are associated with adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern. This cross-sectional study analyzed a representative sample of 3333 children and adolescents (8 to 16 years) included in the Physical Activity, Sedentarism, lifestyles and Obesity in Spanish youth (PASOS) study in Spain (which ran from March 2019 to February 2020). Data on screen time (television, computer, video games, and mobile phone) per day, Mediterranean diet adherence, daily moderate or vigorous physical activity, and parents' education levels were gathered using questionnaires. A descriptive study of the variables according to sex and parents' education level was performed. Logistic regression models (adjusted by sex and weight status) were fitted to evaluate the independent association between screen time and Kids' level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED) index, as well as some of its items. A greater amount of screen time was associated with worse adherence to the Mediterranean diet; a lower consumption of fruit, vegetables, fish, legumes, and nuts; and a greater consumption of fast food, sweets, and candies. A lower parents' education level was associated with worse adherence to the Mediterranean diet. It is necessary to promote the responsible, limited use of screen time, especially in children with parents with a lower education level. ; The PASOS study was funded by Fundación PROBITAS and the Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, IFA, Vienna and the Fundación Deporte Jóven. J.A.T. and M.M.B. are funded by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038).