Suchergebnisse

Over the past twenty‐five years, Sahelian households have experienced recurrent harvest failure and greater reliance on remittances from migratory wage labour. Household subsistence has become less dependent on household grain stores and more on the liquidation of individual wealth stores. This study investigates how these broader changes have affected struggles between household members over obligations to support the household in the Zarmaganda region of western Niger. As the land‐derived leverage of male patriarchs has declined and household dependence on individual wealth stores has increased, domestic budgeting has become more contested. Household heads make case‐by‐case moral claims on other household members during times of grain shortage. Women and subordinate males invoke Islamic law, which accords primary provisioning responsibility to the household head, to protect their individual wealth in times of grain deficit. This article investigates the nature of these budgetary struggles, showing how individuals' decisions to contribute individual wealth to support the household are best understood as highly situated, affected not only by the specific material conditions of the household but also the interplay of the moral, structural, and individualistic imperatives that derive from one's position within the household. Using reconstructed livestock wealth histories for the members of fifty‐four households in western Niger, this study investigates the material consequences of these struggles. Male heads of corporate households, the historic managers of the household's land and agricultural labour, have lost wealth relative to their wives and married male subordinates since the drought of 1984.

This article draws parallels between recent Sino-American trade disputes and the course of the United States' economic involvement in Hong Kong during the 1950s. The twists and turns of a Cold War policy that first prevented, then promoted, and finally controlled Hong Kong domestic exports is traced through visits by Vice President Nixon and the designer Russell Wright. American influence on Hong Kong industrialists, traders, and designers is also followed up to reveal how policies were translated into products. It is suggested that the American reaction against Hong Kong imports during the late 1950s—the outcries over "Red" profits, "sweated labor," and "imitation"—foreshadowed more recent fears of Asian economic hegemony, human rights abuse, and intellectual property violations. The article concludes that America's management of Hong Kong's export industries through flexible production and diversified design suggests a way through current disputes, following consumer demand for less standardized, more individualized designs.

Draws parallels between recent Sino-US trade disputes & the course of the US's economic involvement in Hong Kong during the 1950s. Cold War policy, which first prevented, then promoted, & finally controlled Hong Kong domestic exports, is traced through visits by Vice President Richard Nixon & the designer Russell Wright. US influence on Hong Kong industrialists, traders, & designers is also considered, revealing how policies were translated into products. It is suggested that the US reaction against Hong Kong imports during the late 1950s -- the outcries over red profits, sweated labor, & imitation -- foreshadowed more recent fears of Asian economic hegemony, human rights abuse, & intellectual property violations. US management of Hong Kong export industries through flexible production & diversified design suggests a way through current disputes, following consumer demand for less standardized, more individualized designs. 5 Figures. Adapted from the source document.

We investigate the effect of lane kilometers of roads on vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) in US cities. VKT increases proportionately to roadway lane kilometers for interstate highways and probably slightly less rapidly for other types of roads. The sources for this extra VKT are increases in driving by current residents, increases in commercial traffic, and migration. Increasing lane kilometers for one type of road diverts little traffic from other types of road. We find no evidence that the provision of public transportation affects VKT. We conclude that increased provision of roads or public transit is unlikely to relieve congestion. (JEL R41, R48)