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Front Cover -- Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment -- 1.2.1 Early history -- 1.2.2 Roman period -- 1.2.3 Sanitary dark age -- 1.2.4 Sanitary enlightenment -- 1.2.5 Age of stringent environmental standards -- 1.2.6 Evolution of sanitation process -- 1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery -- 1.3.1 Waterborne outbreaks

A comprehensive resource to sustainability and its application to the environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security sectors Sustainability fills a gap in the literature in order to provide an important guide to the fundamental knowledge and practical applications of sustainability in a wide variety of areas. The authors – noted experts who represent a number of sustainability fields – bring together in one comprehensive volume the broad range of topics including basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and the socio-economic aspects of sustainability. In addition, the book covers applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, as well as carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects. Sustainability addresses the challenges the global community is facing due to population growth, depletion of non-renewable resources of energy, environmental degradation, poverty, excessive generation of wastes and more. Throughout the book the authors discuss the economics, ecological, social, technological and systems perspectives of sustainability. This important resource: • Explores the fundamentals as well as the key concepts of sustainability; • Covers basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and socio-economic aspects, applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects; • Argues the essentiality of sustainability in ensuring the propitious future of earth systems; and • Authored by experts from a range of various fields related to sustainability. Written for researchers and scientists, students and academics, Sustainability: Fundamentals and Applications is a comprehensive book that covers the basic knowledge of the topic combined with practical applications.

"The book provides both fundamentals as well as key concepts of sustainability. The objective is to bring together a broad range of topics including basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and socio-economic aspects of sustainability. In addition, the book also covers applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, carbon cycle, infrastructural aspects. The motivation is to convince the reader about the essentiality of sustainability in ensuring the propitious future of earth systems. The book consists of two parts: Part 1 covers the fundamentals, whereas Part 2 mainly focuses on different applied aspects of sustainability"--

<p class="p1"> </p><p class="p2"><span class="s1"> </span>Microstructural and compositional characterisation of electronic materials in support of the development of GaAs, GaN, and GaSb based multilayer device structures is described. Electron microscopy techniques employing nanometer and sub-nanometer scale imaging capability of structure and chemistry have been widely used to characterise various aspects of electronic and optoelectronic device structures such as InGaAs quantum dots, InGaAs pseudomorphic (pHEMT), and metamorphic (mHEMT) layers and the ohmic metallisation of GaAs and GaN high electron mobility transistors, nichrome thin film resistors, GaN heteroepitaxy on sapphire and silicon substrates, as well as InAs and GaN nanowires. They also established convergent beam electron diffraction techniques for determination of lattice distortions in III-V compound semiconductors, EBSD for crystalline misorientation studies of GaN epilayers and high-angle annular dark field techniques coupled with digital image analysis for the mapping of composition and strain in the nanometric layered structures. Also, <em>in-situ </em>SEM experiments were performed on ohmic metallisation of pHEMT device structures. The established electron microscopy expertise for electronic materials with demonstrated examples is presented.</p>