Suchergebnisse

Coastal tourism is an activity that cuts across many sectors, levels and interests; hence, its sustainability demands a comprehensive strategic planning. However, in Pakistan this vital need is not yet recognized. Therefore, this study has attempted to formulate a strategic planning framework for coastal tourism development of the country through strategic analysis (internal and external environments analysis). Internal analysis was carried out to identify the concerned organisation's (Tourism Ministry of Pakistan) strength and weaknesses, while external analysis establishes which influences represent opportunities and which are, or might develop into threats. Internal analysis is presented as: background analysis and resource analysis; while, external analysis is presented as a STEEP (Socio-demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political) analysis of the organisation. The data collected from strategic analysis is summarised through a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis and strategic options are proposed for coastal tourism development in Pakistan through TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strength) matrix. The proposed strategic options integrated coastal tourism of Sindh province with national economy, society, and environment.

Since Pakistan is vulnerable to changing climatic conditions, the country needs emergency measures at every level to mitigate their effect. Many studies have addressed Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the macro or institutional level, but its effect at the micro-level is largely ignored in the contemporary literature. The present study aims at filling this gap by highlighting the role of micro-level CSR on Environmental Performance (ENP) and how it is influenced by employees' pro-environmental (PEB) behavior and gender. This study has been carried out in the context of deteriorating environmental conditions, scarce CSR activities and a male dominant society. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire targeting the manufacturing and the service sectors of Pakistan and analyzed through the structural equation modeling technique, using AMOS and SPSS software. The results of this study confirm that micro-level CSR initiatives directly (β = 0.39⁎⁎) and indirectly (β = 0.031⁎⁎) influence the environmental performance of an organization by means of employees' PEB. A conditional indirect gender effect on this interaction was also observed, with women (β =0.17⁎⁎) exerting a stronger effect than men (β = 0.031⁎⁎). These findings may be helpful for policymakers involved in environmental management: It is possible to reduce the environmental footprint of Pakistan's organizations by encouraging employee's PEB and particularly by actively involving women which are systematically set apart from decision making in Pakistan.