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Despite the concerns about the pipeline that exist in [Jane-Finch], it's been tough to build links between the community and the anti-Line 9 work being done elsewhere in Toronto. It has been challenging, for instance, to convince community activists to attend meetings and events about Line 9 that take place outside of Jane-Finch. This is in part because Jane-Finch activists are busy organizing around multiple issues - including ever-impending cuts to the social safety net - that have immediate impact. To a significant extent, however, the difficulty in building links arises from differing terms of engagement with environmental issues. The direction being taken by those leading the anti-Line 9 campaign notwithstanding, the air surrounding the campaign is choked by more runof-the-mill environmentalism. At a recent downtown event closely related to the campaign, a discussion on climate change was interrupted by someone who wanted to tell us about the need for everyone to grow their own food. I had persuaded a few Jane-Finch activists to make the long trip to attend the event and was embarrassed when the food grower continued on and on with his plea, gaining the support of many of the environmentalists who were present. He eventually got into a heated exchange with someone about the need to love seeds. It is not clear what is gained by such pleas and debates, but much is lost, including the interest of activists who are organizing around issues that matter most to underprivileged urban communities. The Jane-Finch activists who attended the event were not terribly impressed. One said to me afterwards, "I don't want to go to more things like this." "Activist culture is often alienating for the average person," says Connor Allaby of Jane-Finch Action Against Poverty. "If we want to build a broader movement, it will help to resonate with common people." In the case of environmentalists, if they want to be taken seriously by marginalized communities, they need to become aware of their own individualism. We need to change ...

AbstractSaudi Arabia is the largest source country of remittances to Pakistan since the 1970s. This study examined the impact of home versus host country's economic conditions on remittances from Saudi Arabia to Pakistan. The ARDL bounds testing is used on the annual data set from 1973 to 2014. The study concluded that economic growth in the host country and economic crises in the home country increase remittances. 1% decrease in domestic output increases remittances by 2.79% while 1% increase in sending country's output growth increases remittances by 5.2% in the long‐run. The bilateral trade has a positive while financial deepening has a negative impact on inflows. The impact of oil shock is insignificant. We suggest cautious foreign policy as remittances depend significantly on the host country's economic condition that is not directly under the control of the home country but remittances can be sustained with bilateral trade.

Not much changed after USSR departure from Afghānistan. There remained series of civil wars between 1989–1996 and then Tālibān appeared on the scene. The scale of fighting between the Afghāns themselves even increased and so many people joined the majority. Apparently, that bloodshed benefited those who had benefited greatly from war and those who had been receiving dividends. Meanwhile, an entire Afghāns generation had come of age to whom fighting was a highly lucrative profession. Having survived for three years after the end of military assistance and support from the USSR, the Najībullah regime nevertheless ended on April 1992. It seemed that the war had ended as all Mujāhid leaders proclaimed unanimously to establish peace. But the war broke out with new vigour between the Mujāhidīn and the rivals groups. The Mujāhid leadership was totally unable to share power. The country was divided into zones where this or that Mujāhid gourd would manage the affairs. The political and territorial integrity of Afghānistan was virtually shattered. The situation among the militant groups became so horrible that the Afghānis grew utterly hopeless of establishment of peace. There had not occurred as horrible devastation in Afghānistan at the hands of Soviet Forces as it was due to war between Hizb Islāmi and Jamiat Islāmi and their allies. Under the peace agreement between United State of America and Afghānistan on 29 February, 2020, USA will evacuate Afghānistan in fourteen months. After withdrawal, the US forces the Afghān's political and Jihād parties need to move ahead politically and democratically learning a lesson from the political crisis created by the Post-Soviet civil war.

Purpose: The target of the present research study is to examine the Non-Ricardian regime and determination of inflation in an open economy taking the case of Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is carried out for the economy of Pakistan for the period of 1976–2019. To deal with the time series data we need to test the Stationarity of the data in advance to confirm the non-existence of the second I(2) of stationarity. For the purpose of stationarity testing this study used test Phillips Peron (PP) test. PP test results suggested the use of ARDL. Findings:The results of ARDL reported that the intervention of the government has a very important and dominant role the determination of price level (Inflation) in an open economy. Implications/Originality/Value: The study has concluded that the government should focus on fiscal measure as well with the extensive use of monetary policy in coordination with fiscal policy to keep inflation in control in Pakistan.

In this paper we discuss the methodology by which money is created. The argument is presented in the light of modern monetary theorist that money comes in existence along with debt. This leads to the notion of loans create money and not the other way around. Majority of the money is created via fractional reserve banking system which arises as mere accounting entries. In which a small amount of initial base money generates a whole lot of broad money supply, in Pakistan's context the multiplier effect is of three times. Long run relationship between domestic debt and broad money supply is empirically tested, which resulted in co-integrated series. The historical context is also taken on which discusses the root of transformation in monetary aspect from the seventeenth century in England. Starting from the rise of goldsmith banking which prevailed due to two reasons; seizure of mints by Charles I and the civil war of 1640s. Further on, the increasing need of government financing led towards the invention of Bonds and the Bank of England, in which the whole benefit seems to divert towards its initiators.

COVID-19 has disrupted normal life and has enforced a substantial change in the policies, priorities and activities of individuals, organisations and governments. These changes are proving to be a catalyst for technology and innovation. In this paper, we discuss the pandemic's potential impact on the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various broad sectors, namely healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Our perspective and forecast of this impact on IoT adoption is based on a thorough research literature review, a careful examination of reports from leading consulting firms and interactions with several industry experts. For each of these sectors, we also provide the details of notable IoT initiatives taken in the wake of COVID-19. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and important research directions that will facilitate accelerated IoT adoption.

COVID-19 has disrupted normal life and has enforced a substantial change in the policies, priorities and activities of individuals, organisations and governments. These changes are proving to be a catalyst for technology and innovation. In this paper, we discuss the pandemic's potential impact on the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various broad sectors, namely healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Our perspective and forecast of this impact on IoT adoption is based on a thorough research literature review, a careful examination of reports from leading consulting firms and interactions with several industry experts. For each of these sectors, we also provide the details of notable IoT initiatives taken in the wake of COVID-19. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and important research directions that will facilitate accelerated IoT adoption.

COVID-19 has disrupted normal life and has enforced a substantial change in the policies, priorities and activities of individuals, organisations and governments. These changes are proving to be a catalyst for technology and innovation. In this paper, we discuss the pandemic's potential impact on the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various broad sectors, namely healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Our perspective and forecast of this impact on IoT adoption is based on a thorough research literature review, a careful examination of reports from leading consulting firms and interactions with several industry experts. For each of these sectors, we also provide the details of notable IoT initiatives taken in the wake of COVID-19. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and important research directions that will facilitate accelerated IoT adoption.