Suchergebnisse

Contemporary research mainly relates police ineffectiveness in sectarian crimes prevention-investigation and enforcement of anti-terror laws to disorganized police infrastructure, a shortage of manpower, a lack of professionalism and limited access to modern equipment. This article, by applying capacity (i.e. manpower, resources, professional and technical training, etc.) and autonomy (effective and neutral exercise of powers within mandates delegated to them) concepts, aims to examine police effectiveness in the enforcement of anti-sectarian laws in the context of interference in their functions by the political executive and the State's Army. It addresses the question: How do police capacity and autonomy issues affect police effectiveness in prevention-investigation of sectarian crimes and enforcement of anti-terror laws? This article applies a mixed method research approach by using data from books, journal articles, newspapers, TV talk shows, online sources and interviews. It relates the police's effectiveness in prevention-investigation of sectarian crimes and enforcement of anti-terror laws to their capacity and autonomy issues in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It argues that the police due to capacity and autonomy issues cannot exercise delegated powers impartially, which affects their effectiveness in prevention-investigation of sectarian crimes and enforcement of anti-terror laws.

In Kendari City, growing and developing public housing funded by the Bank. However, housing tends to be still difficult to reach by the lower classes of society. The lower classes of society such as herbalists, motorcycle taxi drivers, construction workers, scavengers, street vendors, and so on. In general, the lower class of society resides in rented houses. This research is important as follows: (a) to provide alternative prototypes of simple houses for the lower classes of society; (b) to make prototypes of low-cost homes; (c) to assist the government and private developers in providing alternative solutions to housing for the lower classes of society; (d) to grow and develop the principles of populist architecture in Kendari City. This research is intended to make a simple home prototype for the lower class society with the principles of populist architecture. This research uses research and development methods. Sources of data in this study consisted of primary data sources and secondary data. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed by means of the data being reduced, the data presented, and the data being concluded. This research concludes that marginal houses are made with the principles of form follows economics. Economic principles are applied to building materials and building sizes. ; Di Kota Kendari, tumbuh dan berkembang perumahan rakyat yang dibiayai oleh Bank. Tetapi, perumahan tersebut cenderung masih sulit dijangkau oleh masyarakat golongan bawah. Masyarakat golongan bawah seperti tukang jamu, tukang ojek, kuli bangunan, pemulung, pedagang kaki lima, dan sebagainya. Pada umumnya, masyarakat golongan bawah tersebut bertempat tinggal di rumah kontrakan. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan sebagai berikut: (a) Untuk memberikan alternatif prototipe rumah sederhana untuk masyarakat golongan bawah; (b) Untuk membuat prototipe rumah yang berbiaya rendah; (c) Untuk membantu pemerintah dan pengembang swasta dalam memberikan alternatif ...

This essay explores gender issues in the contemporary application of Islamic law in the Muslim majority-states of northern Nigeria. Brief political background helps to explain the shari'a codes enacted by the legislatures of the states, drawing largely from the classical formulations of Maliki school of Islamic law. Women were among the first to be prosecuted and sentenced to death by stoning for the offence of zinā. To provide effective legal defense for the accused women, their lawyers and activists for women human rights had to argue in Islamic law before they could convince Shari'a Courts of Appeal to overturn the sentences of death by stoning and set the women free. In the process, women activists learned a lot about the classical formulations of Maliki school of Islamic law, where they discovered the rich flexibility of Islamic thought, and that has empowered them to articulate Islamic criticisms against gender bias in the recently enacted shari'a codes.

Der Beitrag untersucht Zusammenhänge zwischen Bildung/Erziehung und der Religion in Nordnigeria auf dem Hintergrund von Prozessen sozio-kulturellen Wandels. Der zeitliche Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung liegt in der Periode von den 1970er bis Ende der 1990er Jahre, die Analyse schließt allerdings auch die britische Kolonialzeit und die frühe Entwicklung des 1960 unabhängig gewordenen Nigeria mit ein. Das Spannungsfeld der Betrachtung reicht vom traditionellen Islam/islamischen Traditionalismus über modernen Islam/islamischen Modernismus bis zum Konflikt zwischen westlicher Orientierung und islamischem Fundamentalismus. (DÜI-Kör)