THEORY AND METHODOLOGY - The Constitution as Social Design: Gender and Civic Membership in the American Constitutional Order
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 36, Heft 3, S. 184
ISSN: 1045-7097
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In: Perspectives on political science, Band 36, Heft 3, S. 184
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 33, Heft 1, S. 46
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 29, Heft 2, S. 117-118
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 27, Heft 3, S. 190
ISSN: 1045-7097
'Macrohistory and Macrohistorians: Perspectives on Individual, Social, and Civilizational Change' edited by Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah is reviewed.
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 27, Heft 1, S. 60-61
ISSN: 1045-7097
Umbanhowar reviews 'American Political History: Essays on the State of the Discipline' edited by John F. Marszalek and Wilson D. Miscamble.
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 26, Heft 2, S. 107
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 36, Heft 3, S. 184
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 33, Heft 1, S. 46
ISSN: 1045-7097
In: Perspectives on political science, Band 29, Heft 2, S. 117
ISSN: 1045-7097
Disease, storms, ocean warming, and pollution have caused the mass mortality of reef-building corals across the Caribbean over the last four decades. Subsequently, stony corals have been replaced by macroalgae, bacterial mats, and invertebrates including soft corals and sponges, causing changes to the functioning of Caribbean reef ecosystems. Here we describe changes in the absolute cover of benthic reef taxa, including corals, gorgonians, sponges, and algae, at 15 fore-reef sites (12–15m depth) across the Belizean Barrier Reef (BBR) from 1997 to 2016. We also tested whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), in which fishing was prohibited but likely still occurred, mitigated these changes. Additionally, we determined whether ocean-temperature anomalies (measured via satellite) or local human impacts (estimated using the Human Influence Index, HII) were related to changes in benthic community structure. We observed a reduction in the cover of reef-building corals, including the long-lived, massive corals Orbicella spp. (from 13 to 2%), and an increase in fleshy and corticated macroalgae across most sites. These and other changes to the benthic communities were unaffected by local protection. The covers of hard-coral taxa, including Acropora spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella spp., and Porites spp., were negatively related to the frequency of ocean-temperature anomalies. Only gorgonian cover was related, negatively, to our metric of the magnitude of local impacts (HII). Our results suggest that benthic communities along the BBR have experienced disturbances that are beyond the capacity of the current management structure to mitigate. We recommend that managers devote greater resources and capacity to enforcing and expanding existing marine protected areas and to mitigating local stressors, and most importantly, that government, industry, and the public act immediately to reduce global carbon emissions.
BASE
In: Encyclopedias of the Natural World 4
This major reference is an overview of the current state of theoretical ecology through a series of topical entries centered on both ecological and statistical themes. Coverage ranges across scales—from the physiological, to populations, landscapes, and ecosystems. Entries provide an introduction to broad fields such as Applied Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, Computational Ecology, Ecosystem Ecology, Epidemiology and Epidemic Modeling, Population Ecology, Spatial Ecology and Statistics in Ecology. Others provide greater specificity and depth, including discussions on the Allee effect, ordinary differential equations, and ecosystem services. Descriptions of modern statistical and modeling approaches and how they contributed to advances in theoretical ecology are also included. Succinct, uncompromising, and authoritative—a "must have" for those interested in the use of theory in the ecological sciences