Suchergebnisse

Favela Bairro es el programa de mayor escala de implementación en asentamientos marginales de Latinoamérica. Ganó reconocimiento internacional como un ejemplo de la nueva generación de programas de mejoramiento de vivienda y medio ambiente con el objetivo principal de reducir la pobreza urbana y la exclusión social. Este artículo, basado en investigaciones realizadas por los autores, examina los conceptos centrales que informaron a Favela Bairro y las formas en como fueron operacionalizados. El estudio fue realizado a partir de la identificación de siete características que distinguen a esta generación emergente de políticas de vivienda y mejoramiento. El articulo argumenta que los procesos de participación y democratización son centrales para que esta nueva generación de iniciativas para la reducción de la pobreza puedan conseguir un impacto sustantivo en su escala y sean duraderos en el tiempo. De todas maneras, como se demostró en el caso de Favela Bairro, permanece extremadamente problemático para el gobierno implementar proyectos que devuelvan significativamente el poder de decisión a las comunidades de pobres urbanos y, aun más difícil, la institucionalización de mecanismos de participación de la sociedad civil como una parte central de la reforma y de la democratización del estado.

The purpose of this report is to forecast the needs for skilled manpower in Northern Rhodesia in 1970, and the potential supplies on the basis of present and proposed educational plans, in order to make possible an appraisal of the adequacy of existing policies. Therefore, the working population of all races and in all occupations has been divided into four major categories: professional-administrative, technical-executive, skilled and all others

IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAS BEEN MUCH DISCUSSION, BUT LITTLE SUSTAINED ANALYSIS, OF THE POLITICS OF THE 'NEW LIBERALISM', 'LIBERTARIANISM' OR THE 'RADICAL RIGHT'. THE WRITERS IN THIS GENERAL TRADITION, HOWEVER, ARE OFTEN TREATED AS IF THEY CONSTITUTED ONE MONOOLITHIC 'SCHOOL' WHEN, IN FACT, AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR WORK REVEALS IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES. BROADLY SPEAKING, LIBERTARIANS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS; 'CONSEQUENTIALISTS' AND 'RIGHTS' THEORISTS. CONSEQUENTIALISTS NORMALLY COME FROM THE WERTFREI SOCIAL SCIENCES AND WISH TO CONSTRUCT A THEORY OF A FREE SOCIETY WITH LITTLE REFERENCE TO THE NORMAL VALUE OF LIBERTY; IN THEIR DOCTRINES, LIBERTY HAS A CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTAL VALUE IN PROMOTING THE HAPPINESS OF A COMMUNITY. THE 'RIGHTS' THEORISTS TEND TO COME FROM THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND HUMANE STUDIES AND STESS THE VALUE THAT LIBERTY HAS FOR INDIVIDUAL SELFFULFILMENT, SO THAT COERCIVE ACTION BY THE STATE WHICH ABRIDGES THIS LIBERTY IS IMMORAL, IRRESPECTIVE OF ANY ECONOMIC CONSEQUENTIALIST CONSIDERATIONS. IN THIS DOCTRINE, LAW AND MORALITY PRECEDE ORGANIZED SOCIETY, SO THAT ANY COERCIVE POWER EXERCISED BY POLITICAL AUTHORITIES MUST NOT EXCEED THAT WHICH AN OBJECTIVE MORALITY ENTITLES INDIVIDUALS TO USE.

ResumenDesde el surgimiento de la asociación entre los sectores público y privado en la década de 1980, ha habido cambios estructurales en la forma como los países financian y proveen infraestructura pública. Aunque aparentemente los gobiernos apoyan esta asociación y en muchos casos ha sido exitoso, en otros ha habido fracasos. Utilizando datos de proyectos en el sector transporte de 72 países de ingreso bajo y medio registrados en la base de datos del Banco Mundial sobre la participación de agentes privados en proyectos de infraestructura, los autores investigaron la influencia de los tres principales factores en el éxito de tales proyectos: la experiencia nacional, la presencia de inversionistas privados y la influencia de la banca multilateral. Los resultados del estudio resaltan la importancia de las bases provistas por la experiencia nacional. No obstante, se destaca que la experiencia nacional microeconómica no es el único elemento determinante, sino son igualmente relevantes las experiencias previas (positivas o negativas) de proyectos de transporte con asociación público-privada. Un interesante hallazgo en el análisis es que la percepción del nivel de corrupción del país y la solidez de su democracia son determinantes sobre el resultado final de los proyectos. Además, la región y el subsector del proyecto de asociación también juegan un importante roll sobre su éxito. ; AbstractSince the emergence of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the 1980s, there has been a structural change in the way countries now finance and provide public infrastructure. Although national governments apparently encourage PPPs, and many have succeeded, some others have failed. Using data from transport sector projects for 72 low- and middle-income countries from the Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database of the World Bank, we investigate the role of three main factors in the success of these transport PPPs: national experience, the presence of private investors, and the influence of multilateral lenders. The results of the study highlight the importance of the foundation provided by national experience. Not only does national macroeconomic experience appear to have a relevant role, but so also does its past experience (either positive or negative) of transport PPP projects. An interesting finding of the analysis is that the perception of a country's level of corruption and democratic accountability has significant bearing on the final outcome of a PPP project. Also, the region and subsector of the PPP project seem to play an important role in its success.

This volume is the result of a conference at University College London in 2007 which addressed the scale and form of civil defences in early medieval Europe, c. 800-1000. Previous work has largely focussed on individual sites or specific categories of evidence. These papers offer new interdisciplinary perspectives driven by a landscape approach. Several contributions focus on civil defence in England around the time of King Alfred the Great, and together provide a new agenda for the study of Anglo-Saxon military landscapes. European case-studies facilitate a comparative approach to local and regional defensive structures and interpretive paradigms. Topics and themes covered include civil defence landscapes, the organization and form of defensive structures, and the relationships and dynamics between social complexity, militarization, and external threats. With papers ranging from England to Spain and Germany to Scandinavia the volume is of relevance to a range of disciplines including archaeology, history, onomastics, geography, and anthropology