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The understanding of what drives capital flows is continually evolving. Earlier theories provided support for the role of macroeconomic factors, however, the drivers expanded to include non-macroeconomic factors following the Lucas (1990) paradox, which spurred interest towards examining the role of institutional quality and, in more recent years, capital market frictions. While other reviews of capital flow literature have concentrated on macroeconomic drivers, this review focuses on institutional factors and frictions and delves into three types of flows, as drivers can vary by type of flow. The literature is vast on drivers of foreign direct investment (FDI) while drivers of other types of capital flows have been less studied, and evidence remains scant. There is evidence of institutional quality helping to explain the Lucas paradox. Based on the literature reviewed in this paper, many institutional factors are important for FDI. Law and order and military in politics are notably important for both FDI and portfolio debt. Findings for portfolio equity are limited. On capital market frictions, the empirical evidence shows that distance; economic ties; and having a common language, border, and colonial past help explain capital flows; with distance driving all three types of capital flows. This review will help inform further research and policies aimed at attracting and retaining foreign capital, especially in developing economies that need such flows for economic development and poverty alleviation.

This study sought to examine the occurrence of and the most critical factors that cause budget overruns in Ghana's telecommunications industry construction projects by applying an exploratory sequential mixed method approach. A multiple case study approach was initially adopted to ensure a greater understanding of the differences and similarities between four cases drawn from companies engaged in the construction of network expansion projects. This was followed by a survey of 230 practitioners responsible for managing construction projects within the industry. The software program, ATLAS.ti, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and AMOS version 25.0 were used in the data analysis. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed to test and validate the hypothetical model developed to illustrate the most critical factors that cause budget overruns. The findings resulted in the final model dubbed "Budget Overrun Flowerpot", which provides practitioners with a better understanding of the most critical causal factors that must be managed appropriately to improve project efficiency and budget performance.

Community home-based caregivers caring for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) are instrumental in relieving the demand pressures experienced by healthcare service centers. Although their contributions to the healthcare system are essential, they do so under difficult conditions necessitating social work support. This study was conducted in the Gauteng province of South Africa in 2017 to explore the occupational challenges faced by community home-based care caregivers of PLWHIV. Following the qualitative research approach, eighteen caregivers were identified and sampled using purposive and snowball sampling techniques in semi-structured interviews. The data was manually analyzed according to Tesch's eight steps of qualitative data analysis. This gave rise to four themes: reception by community members, uncooperative clients and families, unsupportive healthcare professionals, and working in unsafe conditions. Following relevant ethical principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity throughout the study, trustworthiness was continuously upheld through the principles of prolonged engagement, triangulation, member checking, thick description, and audit trail. The need for psychosocial support programs for caregivers, community and family educational programs, and strengthening partnerships for caregivers, communities, and healthcare professionals is recommended, given the success of community home-based care (CHBC) services for PLWHIV.

The involuntary admission or treatment of a mentally ill individual is highly controversial, as it may be argued that such intervention infringes on individual autonomy and the right to choose a particular treatment. However, this argument must be balanced with the need to provide immediate healthcare services to a vulnerable person who cannot or will not make a choice in his or her own best interests at a particular time. A study carried out in Gauteng Province, South Africa (SA), highlighted the fact that the annual rate of involuntary admissions increased by almost double from 2007 to 2008. This could indicate that healthcare providers are not treating patients without their consent only when this is absolutely necessary. Alternatively, it could indicate that healthcare professionals are more aware of the provisions of the Mental Health Care Act and relevant national policy guidelines. Or it could suggest that more patients are presenting with mental illnesses or disorders that require their involuntary admission. It remains for strategies to be developed that change negative perceptions and inequities for individuals with mental illness. Above all, the strategies should be underpinned by inalienable respect for mentally ill individuals – a concept that was blatantly disregarded in the Life Esidimeni case. In this article, we highlight the functions of mental health review boards and their accountability where involuntary admissions are concerned, while emphasising the protections for mentally ill persons as a vulnerable population group, as set out in the SA Constitution.