Suchergebnisse

This paper examines the functioning of the interstate complaint mechanism, focusing on the specific context of Russian complaints submitted to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The interstate complaint mechanism allows states to bring cases against other states, alleging violations of the European Convention on Human Rights. Through a detailed analysis of Russian complaints, this study aims to shed light on the effectiveness and challenges of the interstate complaint mechanism. The research employs a comprehensive approach, combining legal analysis, case studies, and a review of relevant literature. Key aspects explored include the legal arguments put forward by Russia and the ECtHR's decisions and the implications of these interstate cases for the protection and promotion of human rights within the Europe.

Objective – To identify and explain the reasons leading the company to a micro‑scale crisis, which is independent of the market crisis. Research method – The use of in‑depth qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs. They covered entrepreneurs working in the profession for at least twenty years and representing the sector of micro, small and medium‑sized enterprises. Result – The experience of a company crisis on a microscale is an individual experience for each entrepreneur, independent of the market situation. It is the building block of the collective memory of entrepreneurs. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Based on in‑depth qualitative research, using original statements of entrepreneurs, it has been proven that the company's crisis, perceived as a sudden event, has its genesis in informal institutions, including ethical and cultural principles in interpersonal relations. A large role in mitigating the effects of the crisis is played by the word, the language of everyday communication of entrepreneurs with clients, contractors, as well as those in power with this professional group.

Purpose – The purpose of the article is the assessment of the spatial spillover effects in the ten‑year treasury bond market. It was considered whether unfavorable changes in bond ratings could be a factor inducing this phenomenon. The distance between individual markets was quantified using a matrix based on economic distance. Research method – In the study the spatial dynamic models for pooled‑time series, cross‑sectional and panel data has been used. The analysis covers the yield to maturity of ten‑year treasury bonds issued by forty countries. Results – The empirical analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant spatial dependencies, not only due to the statistical significance of the autoregressive parameter, but also the significance of the spatially shifted variable reflecting unfavorable changes in the rating. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Extending the analyzes of the contagion phenomenon in the financial market to include the aspect of space provides an opportunity to better understand the patterns of cause and effect relationships that are important from the point of view of counteracting the systemic risk to which international economies are exposed.

Access to the Internet is associated with many risks for young people, including exposure to hate speech or haterade. The prevalence of this type of speech may reduce the sensitivity of young online users to this problem. Sometimes young people express indifference towards hate speech on the internet, and sometimes even find it funny or attractive. The aim of this article was to indicate the level of tolerance of hate behaviour among young adults. The research hypothesis was that young adults, despite frequent encounters with haterade and hate speech, are characterised by a low level of tolerance of online hate behaviour. Survey research was conducted to verify the hypothesis. The empirical research confirms the hypothesis. Young adults do not tolerate activities aimed at insulting, intimidating or offending other Internet users.

Purpose – The "explosion" of entrepreneurship observed in Poland after 1989 and continuing throughout the years with varied intensity is a global phenomenon. Most importantly, the entrepreneurship freed the accumulated resources of human energy that had been dormant in the years of the People's Republic. Research method – For the study presented herein the method of analysis of available statistical data dating back to the years 1989-1992, and of source materials in the form of memories of entrepreneurs operating in that period was applied. Results – The objective of research as such proves that, even though the economically active entities did not fall within the frame of the concept of "entrepreneurs" proposed by Joseph Schumpeter, they were the one who initiated the dynamic changes in the Polish economy after 1989, often referred to as the "creative destruction". Considering the above, the development of the resources of entrepreneurship observed at those times took place during the transformational recession that occurred in 1990-1991. In its classical form, the Schumpeterian phenomenon of using recession as a springboard to business success by active individuals was observed. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – In the literature on the subject, there is a lively and inspiring discussion about the transformational recession and its social consequences. Less frequently, scientists point to the link between the explosion of entrepreneurship after 1989 and the transformational recession. The article deals with this research problem from the microeconomic perspective. It reveals the efforts of entrepreneurs to build their own businesses and indicates their contribution to alleviating the social consequences of the transformational recession.