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OBJECTIVES: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a threat to social and economic development, including in the Caribbean. In 2007 the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) held the world's first-ever summit of heads of government on NCD prevention and control and issued the landmark Declaration of Port-of-Spain: Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic NCDs. The objectives of this paper are to provide an overview of a formal evaluation of the Declaration and to highlight key findings that could inform further implementation of the Declaration's 15 mandates. METHODS: The evaluation's six research objectives were decided through stakeholder engagement and assessed by concurrent quantitative and qualitative research methods, using the following four themes: 1) trends in risk factors, morbidity, and mortality; 2) national and Caribbean-wide policy responses, and factors associated with policy successes and difficulties; 3) the international impact of the Declaration; and 4) the potential for raising revenue from tobacco and alcohol taxation in order to support NCD prevention and control. RESULTS: There are marked disparities in NCD mortality and trends among the 20 CARICOM member countries and territories. No CARICOM member had fully implemented all of the Declaration's 15 mandates (which were monitored by 26 indicators), with 10 CARICOM members implementing fewer than half of the indicators, and with most members lacking a well-functioning multisectoral NCD Commission. Larger CARICOM members tended to have higher levels of implementation than did smaller members. Mandates that received active support from regional institutions tended to be better implemented by the CARICOM members than did mandates that lacked that kind of support. Feasible national tobacco and alcohol tax increases could more than cover the cost of implementing the World Health Organization NCD "best buy" interventions in the CARICOM member countries and territories. CONCLUSIONS: Priorities for further implementation of the mandates from the Port-of-Spain ...

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a threat to social and economic development, including in the Caribbean. In 2007 the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) held the world's firstever summit of heads of government on NCD prevention and control and issued the landmark Declaration of Port-of-Spain: Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic NCDs. The objectives of this paper are to provide an overview of a formal evaluation of the Declaration and to highlight key findings that could inform further implementation of the Declaration's 15 mandates. Methods. The evaluation's six research objectives were decided through stakeholder engagement and assessed by concurrent quantitative and qualitative research methods, using the following four themes: 1) trends in risk factors, morbidity, and mortality; 2) national and Caribbean-wide policy responses, and factors associated with policy successes and difficulties; 3) the international impact of the Declaration; and 4) the potential for raising revenue from tobacco and alcohol taxation in order to support NCD prevention and control. Results. There are marked disparities in NCD mortality and trends among the 20 CARICOM member countries and territories. No CARICOM member had fully implemented all of the Declaration's 15 mandates (which were monitored by 26 indicators), with 10 CARICOM members implementing fewer than half of the indicators, and with most members lacking a well-functioning multisectoral NCD Commission. Larger CARICOM members tended to have higher levels of implementation than did smaller members. Mandates that received active support from regional institutions tended to be better implemented by the CARICOM members than did mandates that lacked that kind of support. Feasible national tobacco and alcohol tax increases could more than cover the cost of implementing the World Health Organization NCD "best buy" interventions in the CARICOM member countries and territories. Conclusions. Priorities for further implementation of the mandates from the Port-of-Spain Declaration include establishing throughout the CARICOM member countries and territories fully functioning national bodies to support multisectoral action for NCD prevention; greater regional support in policy development and implementation for smaller countries; and greater targeted use of taxes on tobacco and alcohol to support NCD control and prevention. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) son una amenaza para el desarrollo social y económico, incluso en el Caribe. En 2007, la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) celebró la primera cumbre mundial de jefes de gobierno sobre prevención y control de las ENT y emitió la histórica Declaración de Puerto España: Unidos para detener la epidemia de ENT crónicas. Los objetivos de este documento son proporcionar un panorama general de la evaluación formal de la Declaración y destacar los hallazgos clave de esta, que aportan información para implementar adicionalmente los 15 mandatos de esta Declaración. Métodos. Los seis objetivos de la evaluación se decidieron a través de la participación de las partes interesadas y se evaluaron mediante métodos de investigación cuantitativos y cualitativos concurrentes, utilizando los siguientes temas: 1) tendencias en los factores de riesgo, la morbilidad y la mortalidad; 2) respuestas políticas nacionales y del Caribe en conjunto y factores asociados con los éxitos y dificultades de las políticas; 3) impacto internacional de la Declaración; y 4) potencial para aumentar los ingresos públicos por impuestos al tabaco y el alcohol para apoyar la prevención y el control de las ENT. Resultados. Existen marcadas disparidades en la mortalidad por ENT y sus tendencias entre los 20 países y territorios miembros de la CARICOM. Ningún miembro de la CARICOM ha implementado completamente los 15 mandatos de la Declaración (que fueron monitoreados por 26 indicadores); 10 miembros de la CARICOM han implementado menos de la mitad de los indicadores, y la mayoría de los miembros carecen de una Comisión multisectorial de ENT que funcione adecuadamente. Los Estados Miembros de la CARICOM más grandes tienden a tener niveles más altos de implementación que los más pequeños. Los mandatos que recibieron apoyo activo de instituciones regionales tendieron a ser mejor implementados por los miembros de la CARICOM que los mandatos que carecen de ese tipo de apoyo. Los aumentos factibles de los impuestos nacionales al tabaco y al alcohol podrían cubrir con creces el costo de implementar las intervenciones consideradas las "mejores inversiones" contra las ENT según la Organización Mundial de la Salud en los países y territorios miembros de la CARICOM. Conclusiones. Las prioridades para ampliar la implementación de los mandatos de la Declaración de Puerto España incluyen el establecimiento en todos los países miembros y territorios de la CARICOM de organismos nacionales que funcionen plenamente para apoyar la acción multisectorial que conlleve a la prevención de las ENT; mayor apoyo regional en el desarrollo de políticas y su implementación en los países más pequeños; y aumentar el uso de los impuestos al tabaco y el alcohol para apoyar el control y la prevención de las ENT. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivos. As doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) são uma ameaça ao desenvolvimento social e econômico, inclusive no Caribe. Em 2007, a Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) realizou a primeira cúpula global de chefes de governo sobre prevenção e controle das DNT e publicou a histórica Declaração de Porto Espanha: Unidos para deter a epidemia de DNT crônicas. Os objetivos deste documento são fornecer um panorama geral da avaliação formal da Declaração e destacar suas principais conclusões, que fornecem informações sobre a implementação dos 15 mandatos desta Declaração. Métodos. Os seis objetivos da avaliação foram decididos por meio da participação das partes interessadas e avaliados por métodos de pesquisa simultânea quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando os seguintes temas: 1) tendências nos fatores de risco, morbidade e mortalidade; 2) respostas políticas nacionais e do Caribe e fatores associados aos sucessos e dificuldades das políticas; 3) impacto internacional da Declaração; e 4) potencial para aumentar a renda do imposto sobre o tabaco e o álcool para apoiar a prevenção e o controle das DNT. Resultados. Existem disparidades na mortalidade e nas tendências das DNT entre os 20 países e territórios membros da CARICOM. Nenhum membro da CARICOM havia implementado integralmente os 15 mandatos da Declaração (que foram monitorados por 26 indicadores); 10 membros da CARICOM haviam implementado menos da metade dos indicadores e a maioria dos membros não tinha uma comissão multissetorial das DNT que funcionar corretamente. Os Estados Membros maiores da CARICOM tendem a ter níveis mais altos de implementação do que os membros menores. Os mandatos que receberam apoio ativo de instituições regionais tendem a ser melhor implementados pelos membros da CARICOM do que os que faltam esse tipo de apoio. Os possíveis aumentos nos impostos nacionais sobre tabaco e álcool poderiam mais do que cobrir o custo de implementar as intervenções de "melhores investimentos" contra DNT da Organização Mundial de Saúde nos países e territórios membros da CARICOM. Conclusões. As prioridades para expandir a implementação dos mandatos da Declaração de Porto Espanha incluem o estabelecimento em todos os países e territórios membros da CARICOM de agências nacionais que funcionem plenamente para apoiar ações multissetoriais de prevenção de DNT; maior apoio regional no desenvolvimento de políticas e sua implementação em países pequenos; e aumentar o uso de impostos sobre tabaco e álcool para apoiar o controle e a prevenção de DNT.

The growing global burden of non communicable diseases (NCDs) is now killing 36 million people each year and needs urgent and comprehensive action. This article provides an overview of key critical issues that need to be resolved to ensure that recent political commitments are translated into practical action. These include: (i) categorizing and prioritizing NCDs in order to inform donor funding commitments and priorities for intervention; (ii) finding the right balance between the relative importance of treatment and prevention to ensure that responses cover those at risk, and those who are already sick; (iii) defining the appropriate health systems response to address the needs of patients with diseases characterized by long duration and often slow progression; (iv) research needs, in particular translational research in the delivery of care; and (v) sustained funding to support the global NCD response.

OBJECTIVES: In 2007, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) convened the world's first-ever heads of government summit on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and issued the landmark Declaration of Port-of-Spain: Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic NCDs. Since then, ministry of health (MoH) focal points in each country have self-reported annually on their NCD efforts, using a 26-indicator grid created to assess implementation of the Declaration. Our objective was to assess the validity of those grid responses, as compared to information from in-depth interviews and document reviews. METHODS: Seven national case studies on policy responses to the Declaration were undertaken in 2015. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from multiple sectors, including the MoH. Policy documents were also identified and reviewed. The results from the 2015 case studies were compared to the 2014 MoH focal point grid responses. Kappa statistics evaluated chance agreement. RESULTS: The information from the grid and from the case studies agreed closely. Out of a total of 182 indicators (26 each for seven countries), there was a lack of agreement on just 9 (4.9%). All the differences were between policy statements and implementation. Except for physical activity, kappa statistics indicated that agreement was good to excellent for all the clusters of the grid and for the grid as a whole, but with wide confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the monitoring grid accurately assessed the national situation, but with a possible tendency to overstate performance in some areas. These findings contributed to the design of a new, 50-indicator monitoring grid in 2016. Alongside these improvements, CARICOM countries face a substantial burden from having to complete many other required NCD reports, mainly for the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization.

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. In 2007, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) convened the world's first-ever heads of government summit on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and issued the landmark Declaration of Port-of-Spain: Uniting to Stop the Epidemic of Chronic NCDs. Since then, ministry of health (MoH) focal points in each country have self-reported annually on their NCD efforts, using a 26-indicator grid created to assess implementation of the Declaration. Our objective was to assess the validity of those grid responses, as compared to information from in-depth interviews and document reviews. Methods. Seven national case studies on policy responses to the Declaration were undertaken in 2015. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from multiple sectors, including the MoH. Policy documents were also identified and reviewed. The results from the 2015 case studies were compared to the 2014 MoH focal point grid responses. Kappa statistics evaluated chance agreement. Results. The information from the grid and from the case studies agreed closely. Out of a total of 182 indicators (26 each for seven countries), there was a lack of agreement on just 9 (4.9%). All the differences were between policy statements and implementation. Except for physical activity, kappa statistics indicated that agreement was good to excellent for all the clusters of the grid and for the grid as a whole, but with wide confidence intervals. Conclusions. In general, the monitoring grid accurately assessed the national situation, but with a possible tendency to overstate performance in some areas. These findings contributed to the design of a new, 50-indicator monitoring grid in 2016. Alongside these improvements, CARICOM countries face a substantial burden from having to complete many other required NCD reports, mainly for the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivos. En el 2007, la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM) convocó su primera cumbre de jefes de Gobierno sobre enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y emitió una declaración sin precedentes, la Declaración de Puerto España: Unidos para detener la epidemia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Desde entonces, los puntos focales de los ministerios de salud cada año usan una matriz con 26 indicadores a fin de autonotificar las actividades que ha realizado el país en el ámbito de las ENT. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la validez de las respuestas dadas en la matriz, creada para evaluar la ejecución de la Declaración de Puerto España, comparándolas con la información obtenida en entrevistas exhaustivas y la revisión de documentos. Métodos. En el 2015 se llevaron a cabo siete estudios de casos a nivel de país sobre las respuestas a la Declaración en el ámbito de políticas. Se realizaron entrevistas exhaustivas y semiestructuradas con interesados directos de múltiples sectores, incluidos los ministerios de salud. Además, se definieron y examinaron documentos de políticas. Los resultados de los estudios de casos del 2015 se compararon con las respuestas que los puntos focales de los ministerios de salud dieron en las matrices del 2014. Se usó el coeficiente kappa para evaluar el grado de concordancia. Resultados. Hubo un alto grado de concordancia entre la información de la matriz y la de los estudios de casos. De un total de 182 indicadores (26 de cada uno de los siete países), hubo diferencias en solo 9 casos (4,9%), y todas las diferencias se encontraron entre las declaraciones de política y la ejecución. Salvo en el caso de la actividad física, el coeficiente kappa indicó que la concordancia fluctuó entre aceptable y excelente en todas las secciones de la matriz que agrupan a los indicadores y la cuadrícula en general, pero con intervalos de confianza amplios. Conclusiones. En general, la matriz utilizada para el seguimiento de la Declaración evaluó con exactitud la situación nacional, pero se observó una posible tendencia a sobrevalorar el desempeño en algunos campos. Estos resultados fueron útiles en el 2016 cuando se diseñó una nueva matriz de seguimiento con 50 indicadores. A pesar de estas mejoras, los países de CARICOM siguen enfrentando una carga sustancial al tener que realizar muchos otros informes sobre las ENT, principalmente para la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y la Organización Mundial de la Salud. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivos. A Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM) realizou em 2007 a Primeira Cúpula dos Chefes de Governos sobre Doenças Não Transmissíveis (DNTs) que culminou com a inédita Declaração de Porto de Espanha: Unidos para Deter a Epidemia de DNTs Crônicas. Desde então, as coordenações dos ministérios da Saúde de cada país apresentam anualmente um informe autorrelatado dos esforços para combater as DNTs usando uma matriz com 26 indicadores criada para avaliar a implementação da Declaração. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a validade dos dados contidos na matriz comparadas à informação obtida em entrevistas aprofundadas e análises de documentos. Métodos. Foram realizados em 2015 sete estudos de caso nacionais das medidas de políticas tomadas em resposta à Declaração. Foram conduzidas entrevistas aprofundadas e semiestruturadas com os interessados diretos de vários setores, inclusive com o pessoal dos ministérios da Saúde. Documentos de políticas também foram selecionados e examinados. Os resultados dos estudos de caso de 2015 foram comparados aos dados fornecidos na matriz de 2014 pelos coordenadores dos ministérios da Saúde. O coeficiente de concordância de kappa foi usado para avaliar a concordância esperada pelo acaso. Resultados. Os dados da matriz e dos estudos de caso tiveram uma estreita concordância. Dos 182 indicadores ao todo (26 para cada um dos sete países), houve ausência de concordância em apenas 9 (4,9%). Todas as diferenças foram entre declarações de políticas e implementação. Exceto para atividade física, o coeficiente kappa indicou concordância boa a excelente para todos os clusters da matriz e para a matriz como um todo, porém com intervalos de confiança amplos. Conclusões. A matriz de monitoramento proporcionou uma avaliação precisa da conjuntura nacional, porém com uma possível tendência de atribuir um desempenho melhor em algumas áreas. Esses resultados contribuíram para a elaboração em 2016 de uma nova matriz de monitoramento contendo 50 indicadores. Apesar dessas melhorias, os países da CARICOM ainda enfrentam uma enorme obrigação em ter de preencher muitos outros informes de DNTs, sobretudo para a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e a Organização Mundial da Saúde.

Our objective was to describe, for the first time in an English-speaking Caribbean country, the contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to nutrients linked to non-communicable disease. Using a cross-sectional study design, dietary data were collected from two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Recorded food items were then classified according to their degree of processing by the NOVA system. The present study took place in Barbados (2012-13). A representative population-based sample of 364 adult Barbadians (161 males and 203 females) aged 25-64 years participated in the study. UPFs represented 40⋅5 % (838 kcal/d; 95 % CI 791, 885) of mean energy intake. Sugar-sweetened beverages made the largest contribution to energy within the UPF category. Younger persons (25-44 years) consumed a significantly higher proportion of calories from UPF (NOVA group 4) compared with older persons (45-64 years). The mean energy shares of UPF ranged from 22⋅0 to 58⋅9 % for those in the lowest tertile to highest tertile. Within each tertile, the energy contribution was significantly higher in the younger age group (25-44 years) compared with the older (45-64 years). One-quarter of persons consume ≥50 % of their daily calories from UPF, this being significantly higher in younger persons. The ultra-processed diet fraction contained about six times the mean of free sugars and about 0⋅8 times the dietary fibre of the non-ultra-processed fraction (NOVA groups 1-3). Targeted interventions to decrease the consumption of UPF especially in younger persons is thus of high priority to improve the diet quality of Barbadians. ; This work was supported by the Ministry of Health and Wellness of the Government of Barbados.

This report examines the experiences of Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean— Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, and in the Pacific— Fiji, Nauru, and Tonga with specific governmental regulatory measures to reduce the risk of obesity and associated diet-related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as the obstacles and opportunities encountered. Guided by the diet-related indicators of the World Health Organization (WHO) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, the authors reviewed legislation, country reports, articles, and the databases of WHO and the World Trade Organization to identify relevant regulatory measures and to establish the extent of implementation in the selected countries. Obesity prevalence ranged from 25.9% in Dominica to 41.1% in Tonga. The principal diet-related measures implemented by the selected countries were fiscal measures, such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and import duties to encourage greater consumption of healthy foods. Governmental action was weakest in the area of restrictions on marketing of unhealthy foods. If they are to reduce their current high rates of obesity and associated NCDs, Caribbean and Pacific states need to intensify implementation of diet-related regulatory measures, particularly in the area of marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Key implementation challenges include financial and staffing constraints and the need for increased political will to counter industry opposition and to allocate adequate financial resources to keep advancing this agenda.

This report examines the experiences of Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean- Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, and in the Pacific- Fiji, Nauru, and Tonga with specific governmental regulatory measures to reduce the risk of obesity and associated diet-related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as the obstacles and opportunities encountered. Guided by the diet-related indicators of the World Health Organization (WHO) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, the authors reviewed legislation, country reports, articles, and the databases of WHO and the World Trade Organization to identify relevant regulatory measures and to establish the extent of implementation in the selected countries. Obesity prevalence ranged from 25.9% in Dominica to 41.1% in Tonga. The principal diet-related measures implemented by the selected countries were fiscal measures, such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and import duties to encourage greater consumption of healthy foods. Governmental action was weakest in the area of restrictions on marketing of unhealthy foods. If they are to reduce their current high rates of obesity and associated NCDs, Caribbean and Pacific states need to intensify implementation of diet-related regulatory measures, particularly in the area of marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Key implementation challenges include financial and staffing constraints and the need for increased political will to counter industry opposition and to allocate adequate financial resources to keep advancing this agenda.

[ABSTRACT]. This report examines the experiences of Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean—Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, and in the Pacific— Fiji, Nauru, and Tonga with specific govern-mental regulatory measures to reduce the risk of obesity and associated diet-related chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as well as the obstacles and opportunities encountered. Guided by the diet-related indicators of the World Health Organization (WHO) Noncommunicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2017, the authors reviewed legislation, country reports, articles, and the databases of WHO and the World Trade Organization to identify relevant regulatory mea-sures and to establish the extent of implementation in the selected countries. Obesity prevalence ranged from 25.9% in Dominica to 41.1% in Tonga. The principal diet-related measures implemented by the selected countries were fiscal measures, such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and import duties to encourage greater consumption of healthy foods. Governmental action was weakest in the area of restrictions on marketing of unhealthy foods. If they are to reduce their current high rates of obesity and associated NCDs, Caribbean and Pacific states need to intensify implementation of diet-related regulatory measures, particularly in the area of marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Key implementation chal-lenges include financial and staffing constraints and the need for increased political will to counter industry opposition and to allocate adequate financial resources to keep advancing this agenda. ; [RESUMEN]. Este es un informe sobre las experiencias de Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, Fiji, Nauru y Tonga con medidas gubernamentales regulatorias específicas dirigidas a reducir el riesgo de obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la dieta y resaltar los obstáculos y oportunidades relacionados con ellas. Guiados por los indicadores relacionados con la dieta establecidos en el Monitoreo de Avances en materia de las Enfermedades no Transmisibles 2017 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se revisó la legislación, los informes de los países, artículos, y las bases de datos de la OMS y la Organización Mundial de Comercio para identificar las medidas regulatorias pertinentes y establecer el alcance de su implementación en los países seleccionados. La prevalencia de obesidad osciló entre el 25,9% en Dominica y el 41,1% en Tonga. Las principales medidas relacionadas con la dieta implementadas por los países seleccionados fueron medidas fiscales, como los impuestos a las bebidas azucaradas y los aranceles de importación, para alentar un mayor consumo de alimentos saludables. La acción gubernamental fue más débil en el área de restricciones en el marketing de alimentos poco saludables. Para reducir las actuales altas tasas de obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles asociadas, los estados del Caribe y del Pacífico deben intensificar la implementación de medidas regulatorias relacionadas con la dieta, en particular en el área del marketing de alimentos y bebidas poco saludables para los niños. Los desafíos clave de la implementación incluyen limitaciones financieras y de personal y la necesidad de una mayor voluntad política para contrarrestar la oposición de la industria y asignar recursos financieros adecuados para seguir avanzando en esta agenda. ; [RESUMO]. Este é um relatório sobre as experiências de Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, Fiji, Nauru e Tonga com medidas específicas reguladoras do governo destinadas a reduzir o risco de obesidade e doenças não transmissíveis associadas (DNTs) relacionados à dieta e destacar os obstáculos e oportunidades que estimulam um maior uso dessas medidas. Guiados pelos indicadores relacionados à dieta estabelecido no Monitoramento de Progresso das Doenças Não Transmissíveis 2017 da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), revisamos a legislação, os relatórios dos países, artigos, e as bases do dados da OMS e da Organização Mundial do Comércio para identificar as medidas reguladoras relevantes, visando reduzir o risco de obesidade e as DNTs associadas, e estabelecer o escopo de sua implementação nos países selecionados. A prevalência de obesidade variou de 25,9% na Dominica a 41,1% em Tonga. As principais medidas relacionadas à dieta implementadas pelos países selecionados foram medidas fiscais, como impostos sobre bebidas açucaradas e tarifas de importação, para incentivar maior consumo de alimentos saudáveis. A ação do governo foi mais fraca na área de restrições à comercialização de alimentos não saudáveis. Para reduzir as atuais altas taxas de obesidade e doenças não transmissíveis associadas, os países do Caribe e do Pacífico devem intensificar a implementação de medidas reguladoras relacionadas à dieta, particularmente na área da comercialização de alimentos e bebidas não saudáveis para crianças. Os principais desafios da implementação incluem restrições financeiras e de pessoal e a necessidade de maior vontade política para combater a oposição da indústria e alocar recursos financeiros adequados para continuar avançando nesta agenda.

Funder: Robinson College, University of Cambridge ; Funder: Medical Research Council; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265 ; Funder: British Heart Foundation; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000274 ; Funder: UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence ; Funder: Economic and Social Research Council; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000269 ; Funder: Cancer Research UK; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000289 ; Funder: Wellcome Trust; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440 ; Funder: Yates Unilever Fund ; Funder: The Ministry of Health of the Government of Barbados ; Funder: National Institute for Health Research; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272 ; Funder: Gates Cambridge PhD Scholarship ; Funder: Smuts Memorial Fund, University of Cambridge; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000710 ; Funder: Global Food Security Fund ; Funder: Luca D'Agliano Scholarship ; Objective: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes have been implemented widely. We aimed to use a pre-existing nutritional survey data to inform SSB tax design by assessing: (1) baseline consumption of SSBs and SSB-derived free sugars, (2) the percentage of SSB-derived free sugars that would be covered by a tax and (3) the extent to which a tax would differentiate between high-sugar SSBs and low-sugar SSBs. We evaluated these three considerations using pre-existing nutritional survey data in a developing economy setting. Methods: We used data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in Barbados (2012–2013, prior to SSB tax implementation). Data were available on 334 adults (25–64 years) who completed two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. We estimated the prevalence of SSB consumption and its contribution to total energy intake, overall and stratified by taxable status. We assessed the percentage of SSB-derived free sugars subject to the tax and identified the consumption-weighted sugar concentration of SSBs, stratified by taxable status. Findings: Accounting for sampling probability, 88.8% of adults (95% CI 85.1 to 92.5) reported SSB consumption, with a geometric mean of 2.4 servings/day (±2 SD, 0.6, 9.2) among SSB consumers. Sixty percent (95% CI 54.6 to 65.4) of SSB-derived free sugars would be subject to the tax. The tax did not clearly differentiate between high-sugar beverages and low-sugar beverages. Conclusion: Given high SSB consumption, targeting SSBs was a sensible strategy in this setting. A substantial percentage of free sugars from SSBs were not covered by the tax, reducing possible health benefits. The considerations proposed here may help policymakers to design more effective SSB taxes.

OBJECTIVE. To identify, assess, and compare existing policies on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, gaps in policy responses, and the factors influencing successful policy development and implementation following the Port of Spain Declaration of 2007. Specifically, to examine policies that target the upstream determinants of two NCD risk factors—unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. METHODS. A total of 76 semi-structured interviews with 80 relevant stakeholders in government, the private sector, and civil society were complemented by policy document analysis. Interviews were analyzed pragmatically, framed by the CARICOM government commitments, the WHO NCD Action Plan, a Multiple Streams framework approach, and realist evaluation ideas. RESULTS. The most widely-reported policy successes involved health promotion activities (e.g., school meal programs) that leveraged multisectoral collaboration among government ministries, such as Health, Education, and Agriculture. Large policy gaps still exist around creating legislative, physical, and social environments to support healthy eating and physical activity at the population level. Multisectoral NCD commissions successfully reached across sectors, but had limited influence on policy development. Different policy levels emerged with national-level policies considered a lengthy process, while "On-the-ground" programming was considered faster to implement than national policies. External barriers included a reliance on food imports enabled by international trade agreements limited availability, quality, and affordability of healthy foods. International pushback limited legislation to reduce food imports and the absence of an international/regional framework, similar to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, further impedes efforts. CONCLUSIONS. Regional collaboration and political support across sectors are essential to accelerating the pace of action to support healthy eating and active living environments. Policy "blueprints" could accelerate ...

OBJECTIVE: To identify, assess, and compare existing policies on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, gaps in policy responses, and the factors influencing successful policy development and implementation following the Port of Spain Declaration of 2007. Specifically, to examine policies that target the upstream determinants of two NCD risk factors-unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. METHODS: A total of 76 semi-structured interviews with 80 relevant stakeholders in government, the private sector, and civil society were complemented by policy document analysis. Interviews were analyzed pragmatically, framed by the CARICOM government commitments, the WHO NCD Action Plan, a Multiple Streams framework approach, and realist evaluation ideas. RESULTS: The most widely-reported policy successes involved health promotion activities (e.g., school meal programs) that leveraged multisectoral collaboration among government ministries, such as Health, Education, and Agriculture. Large policy gaps still exist around creating legislative, physical, and social environments to support healthy eating and physical activity at the population level. Multisectoral NCD commissions successfully reached across sectors, but had limited influence on policy development. Different policy levels emerged with national-level policies considered a lengthy process, while "On-the-ground" programming was considered faster to implement than national policies. External barriers included a reliance on food imports enabled by international trade agreements limited availability, quality, and affordability of healthy foods. International pushback limited legislation to reduce food imports and the absence of an international/regional framework, similar to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, further impedes efforts. CONCLUSIONS: Regional collaboration and political support across sectors are essential to accelerating the pace of action to support healthy eating and active living environments. Policy "blueprints" could accelerate the process of development. Regional "NCD champions" could spearhead such responses and approaches.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify, assess, and compare existing policies on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, gaps in policy responses, and the factors influencing successful policy development and implementation following the Port of Spain Declaration of 2007. Specifically, to examine policies that target the upstream determinants of two NCD risk factors—unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Methods. A total of 76 semi-structured interviews with 80 relevant stakeholders in government, the private sector, and civil society were complemented by policy document analysis. Interviews were analyzed pragmatically, framed by the CARICOM government commitments, the WHO NCD Action Plan, a Multiple Streams framework approach, and realist evaluation ideas. Results. The most widely-reported policy successes involved health promotion activities (e.g., school meal programs) that leveraged multisectoral collaboration among government ministries, such as Health, Education, and Agriculture. Large policy gaps still exist around creating legislative, physical, and social environments to support healthy eating and physical activity at the population level. Multisectoral NCD commissions successfully reached across sectors, but had limited influence on policy development. Different policy levels emerged with national-level policies considered a lengthy process, while "On-the-ground" programming was considered faster to implement than national policies. External barriers included a reliance on food imports enabled by international trade agreements limited availability, quality, and affordability of healthy foods. International pushback limited legislation to reduce food imports and the absence of an international/regional framework, similar to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, further impedes efforts. Conclusions. Regional collaboration and political support across sectors are essential to accelerating the pace of action to support healthy eating and active living environments. Policy "blueprints" could accelerate the process of development. Regional "NCD champions" could spearhead such responses and approaches. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Identificar, evaluar y comparar las políticas existentes sobre enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) en el Caribe, las brechas en las respuestas políticas y los factores que influyeron en el desarrollo y la implementación de políticas exitosos luego de la Declaración de Puerto de España en 2007. Específicamente, examinar las políticas que se enfocan en dos factores de riesgo de ENT: las dietas no saludables y la inactividad física. Métodos. Se efectuaron 76 entrevistas semiestructuradas a 80 interesados relevantes pertenecientes al gobierno, el sector privado y la sociedad civil, y la información obtenida se complementó con un análisis de los documentos sobre las políticas. Las entrevistas se analizaron pragmáticamente en el marco de los compromisos de los gobiernos del CARICOM, el Plan de Acción sobre las ENT de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, un enfoque del marco de Flujos Múltiples e ideas de evaluación realistas. Resultados. Los resultados positivos de las políticas más reportados incluyeron las actividades de promoción de la salud (por ej., los programas de comidas escolares) que consiguieron la colaboración multisectorial de diferentes instituciones gubernamentales tales como los ministerios de salud, educación y agricultura. Todavía existen grandes brechas políticas relacionadas con la creación de entornos legislativos, físicos y sociales que apoyen la alimentación saludable y la actividad física a nivel de la población. Las comisiones multisectoriales dedicadas a las ENT presentaron un alcance adecuado en todos los sectores, pero tuvieron una influencia limitada en el desarrollo de políticas. Se observaron diferentes niveles de políticas y las de nivel nacional fueron procesos prolongados; los programas "en el terreno" fueron más rápidos de implementar. Las barreras externas incluyeron la dependencia de las importaciones de alimentos permitidas por los acuerdos comerciales internacionales, que limitan la disponibilidad, la calidad y la asequibilidad de los alimentos saludables. La limitada legislación a nivel internacional para reducir las importaciones de alimentos y la ausencia de un marco internacional o regional, similar al Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco, dificulta aún más los esfuerzos. Conclusiones. La colaboración regional y el apoyo político en todos los sectores son esenciales para acelerar el ritmo de acción en apoyo de una alimentación saludable y entornos que favorezcan una vida activa. Los "proyectos" de políticas podrían acelerar el proceso de desarrollo. Los "campeones regionales contra las ENT" podría liderar las estrategias y respuestas. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar, avaliar e comparar as políticas existentes sobre doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) no Caribe, as lacunas nas respostas e fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento e implementação de políticas bem sucedidas depois da Declaração de Porto Espanha em 2007. Especificamente, examinar as políticas que apontam para dois fatores de risco de DNT: dietas não saudáveis e inatividade física. Métodos. Um total de 76 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 80 participantes diretos, pertencentes ao governo, ao setor privado e à sociedade civil, foram complementados com a análise de documentos sobre as políticas estabelecidas. As entrevistas foram analisadas pragmaticamente, enquadradas nos compromissos dos governos do CARICOM, no Plano de Ação das DNTs da Organização Mundial da Saúde, numa abordagem do quadro de fluxos múltiplos e em ideias de avaliação realistas. Resultados. Os resultados positivos das políticas mais divulgados incluíram atividades de promoção da saúde (por exemplo, programas de alimentação escolar) que tiveram colaboração multissetorial de diferentes instituições governamentais, como os ministérios da saúde, educação e agricultura. Ainda existem grandes lacunas políticas em torno da criação de ambientes legislativos, físicos e sociais para apoiar a alimentação saudável e a atividade física no nível populacional. As comissões multissetoriais de ENT alcançaram com sucesso todos os setores, mas tiveram influência limitada no desenvolvimento de políticas. Diferentes níveis de políticas foram observados e aqueles em nível nacional foram processos prolongados; os programas "no terreno" foram mais rápidos para implementar. As barreiras externas incluíram a dependência de importações de alimentos permitidas por acordos comerciais internacionais que limitam a disponibilidade, qualidade e acessibilidade de alimentos saudáveis. A legislação internacionalmente limitada para reduzir as importações de alimentos e a ausência de um quadro internacional o regional, semelhante à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco, torna os esforços ainda mais difíceis. Conclusões. A colaboração regional e o apoio político em todos os setores são essenciais para acelerar o ritmo de ação em apoio à alimentação saudável e a ambientes de vida ativa. Os "esquemas" de políticas podem acelerar o processo de desenvolvimento. Os "campeões regionais de ENT" poderiam liderar as estratégias e respostas.