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This article covers the concepts of social policy in the official programme documents of the British Labour Party and in journalistic works of its leaders and key theorists of the interwar period. From the early twentieth century, Labourists put the focus not on social reforms, but on transformations in the management of the economy and property. They believed that a fair and effective organisation of economy could at the same time solve social problems. After World War I and in the first half of the 1920s, Labourists did not propose large-scale and high-priced social programmes for fear of alienating their potential electorate. However, the social and economic problems of the 1920s, the General Strike, and the Great Depression forced them to take a more left stand. From the late 1920s, social policy became for Labourists an important part of fundamental change of the country's economy based on the principles of planning and public control. These ideas were in the programmes of the Labour party of 1928 and 1934, in the works of G. D. H. Cole and Clement Attlee, and in the articles of members of the Socialist League. Labourists started proposing not only large-scale plans of the improvement of education, public health, accommodation, and well-being, they made some demands, including State Health Service, accessibility of higher education, and help for disabled persons, unique for their times, thereby anticipating some important components of the Welfare State of the second half of the twentieth century.

This article attempts to find out the origin of a number of homonyms, as well as their correlates (phonetic, lexical-semantic variants, and derived words), i.e ри́нда / ры́нда, ры́н(д)ега / ры́нюга, ринь / рынь, etc. They are recorded in the Northern Russian dialects in independent and related (as part of phraseological phrases) use in two areas, i.e. the north-western regions of Arkhangelsk region and Belozerye. The main source of dialect material is the card catalogue of the Dictionary of Dialects of the Russian North, which makes it possible to take into account a number of additional parameters during the etymologisation and semantic reconstruction of dialecticisms: the exact geographical reference, the number of fixations, etc. From the point of view of semantics, these dialecticisms can be divided into five groups: the natural sphere (meteorology), various spheres of human activity (fishing, cooking, clothing (with some conditionality)), as well as human behaviour. The linguistic geography data indicate the borrowed character of the lexemes and the Finno-Ugric languages as the source languages of borrowing. For the lexemes of each group, a source is found in the Finnic languages (Karelian and/or Veps) or Sami, taking into account information about the former settlement of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the specified territory, as well as the correlation и // ы and the origin of the phoneme ы in the dialecticisms studied.

This review characterises the content and comments on the importance of a collective monograph which can be regarded as the first comprehensive work in the Russian historical science to depict the dynamics of political culture and the stages of party building by almost all the peoples of the multinational Habsburg monarchy in 1848–1914. In a series of essays, the authors demonstrate how Habsburg peoples fought, though with a varying degree of ardour and success, for the recognition of their collective identity and claimed to be recognised as collective subjects of the state. The review reveals the main issues that thwart drawing a comprehensive review of the political culture of the peoples of the monarchy resulting from the composite state structure, the nature of political associations and parties, and the different development stages of the national idea. The authors revise the teleological approach of 20th-century historiography which can be considered a novelty in the Central European studies in Russia. Yet, the book contains occasional weaknesses in the chains of reasoning and evidence. Nonetheless, the strengths of the book make it possible to rank it among the authoritative books on the Central European history of the modern period.

There is an increasing focus on climate change and environmental issues due to the rapid growth in fossil energy consumption driven by technological advances. Industrial enterprises are majorly responsible for various emissions, necessitating research into the business environmental liability. The subject of the study is the principles of environmentally friendly supply chain management in manufacturing companies. The study aims to determine the role of green supply chain in transition to a circular economy and to develop a management model for them. Thus, the following problems must be addressed: 1) exploring the conceptual relationship between the circular and green economies; 2) defining the essence of the term green supply chain management; 3) reviewing the existing practices for managing green supply chain at enterprises and identifying the key ones. In the course of the study, methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, as well as scientific abstraction and generalization are used. Based on the findings of studying Russian and foreign scientific literature, as well as the non-financial reporting of domestic manufacturing companies, the most efficient practices for managing green supply chain at enterprises are identified, as well as their role in the transition to a circular economy.

This article analyses the social and economic situation of the citizens deprived of suffrage for engagement in trade during the years of the NEP, with reference to a biography reconstruction of Vasily Ivanovich Lagutkin (1883–1933), an ordinary USSR citizen. The methodological basis of the research is the anthropological approach and a synthesis of macro- and microhistory. The main source of research is the personal file of a citizen who filed a petition to the election commission demanding that his right to vote lost for engagement in trade be restored. The specifics of Lagutkin's biography are that for 34 years, he was professionally engaged in book trade both in private and in state organisations before and after 1917. The legalisation of private entrepreneurship in 1921 allowed him to start his own business. His trade continued until 1929 and, apparently, was successful, but the process of forced removal of private entrepreneurship from trade led Lagutkin to bankruptcy. Unemployment and high professional mobility in the following years, desperate but unsuccessful attempts to achieve restoration in his right to vote, progressive chronic illness and deterioration of health eventually led to his death in a psychiatric hospital in Perm at the age of 50. Being loyal to the Soviet authorities, expressing a desire to be useful to them, he could not reclaim his right to vote, since the decision to restore it was made on formal grounds which Lagutkin did not meet. The fate of a particular person in the transition era makes it possible to reflect the process of social construction of the "new person", who, contrary to the declared goals, not only provoked downward social mobility and negative social selection, but in extreme cases led to the death of the individual.

This article deals with the relevant issue of interaction between an art historian and an expert in the context of stylistic and technological studies of the work of eighteenth-century artist Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov. The reason for turning to the issue is a new attribution of two ceremonial portraits of Catherine the Great (1763, State Tretyakov Gallery, Pavlovsk State Museum) proposed by specialists of the Tretyakov Gallery — I. E. Lomize, a technologist expert, and N. G. Presnova, an art historian, in 2016. As a result of an in-depth comprehensive study, the portraits which were previously considered undisputed works created by Rokotov were attributed to the artist's studio. The results of the research were unexpected, sensational, and broke stereotypes in the perception of the artist's creative path. In this regard, there was a need to re-evaluate and reconsider the established traditional ideas about the artist and his works. Based on disparate material, i.e. published archival data, art research, and catalogues of monographic exhibitions (1923, 1925, 1960, 2016, 2020), the author analyses the main stages and approaches in the study of portraits of Catherine the Great. Taking into account the latest data of the comprehensive study, the author identifies issues of scholarly interest. Attention is focused on the study of the relationship between the artist and his studio, distinguishing originals from copies, considering different versions of the commissioners of the ceremonial portraits. Also, the author reveals the significance and role of an art critic and an expert in the study of works of art. The article concludes that there is a need to continue the productive dialogue between critics and experts and comprehensively study the artist's oeuvre to shape a more objective history of the Russian painting of the second half of the eighteenth century.

This article employs the semantic and motivational aspects to study three Russian dialect words, namely Pskov and Tver Regions посви́рывать 'to be picky, to disdain', Kaluga Region ко́бзовать 'to disdain', Don, Volgograd, Ryazan, and Tambov Regions скабе́жливый 'squeamish'. The choice to refer specifically to these linguistic facts is determined by the fact that some of the lexical units presented have not been previously discussed in literature, while, in the author's opinion, some have controversial etymological solutions. The author states that the word посви́рывать has the root -вир-. Here, the idea of turning is recognised as a motivationally significant one since it reflects popular observations of the behaviour of a person who rejects something. Thus, the axiological assessment of squeamish behavior is fixed in the word's inner form. The author connects the word ко́бзовать with кобызиться 'to act arrogantly; to be stubborn, to be obstinate', where быз indicates 'a whiny, capricious child'. An assumption is made that a number of lexical units, such as Vologda Region бзли́вый 'spoiled, capricious', Perm Region скобы́чка 'a quarreler and a mean person', etc. belong to the same family. The author builds potential lines of their semantic and motivational development. The family includes designations of character traits (arrogance, boastfulness, foppery, cockiness, quick temper, cunningness) and human behaviour (such ideograms as 'to cry', 'to frown', 'to be angry', 'to take offense'). The author hypothesises that the lexical unit скабежливый also refers to the family of the -быз- root. This conclusion is made based on phonetic variation in the root (скабе́зливый, скабы́зливый, скобызко́й) and the similarity in the development of meaning for all the lexical units studied (also, they share the semantics of arrogance, sensitivity, and tearfulness).

This article studies the carnivalisation of the Russian language in the era of the coronavirus pandemic (March–early December 2020) based on extracts from media texts and live colloquial speech. The phenomenon of carnivalisation is analysed with reference to M. M. Bakhtin's concept of carnivalisation and D. S. Likhachev's generalisations about the folk culture of laughter. It is established that the Russian carnival is associated with will. In the situation of a new "coronavirus normality", the language forms a layer of anxiety vocabulary, which stimulates word and meaning coinage. It is proved that mass linguistic creativity is a form of resistance to disturbing reality. The author systematises potential neologisms, nonce words, and non-standard metaphors. Word innovations act as a means of creating a comic effect, characterisation, and axiological assessment of reality, as well as a means of diagnosing the tender points of the coronavirus space and a means of psychotherapy. The author distinguishes a temporal model formed in the linguistic worldview which reflects the imperfection of the world: the extended present of the coronavirus; pre-coronavirus past; post-coronavirus future which is conceived as a desired return to the past (the slogan Вперед в будущее!). As part of the analysis, the author describes a layer of new compound word-formations with корона- as the first component. Also, she pays special attention to the interpretation of words close to the core of anxiety vocabulary (путинкулы, полный карантинец, etc.). A unique object of analysis is a group of colloquial words that replace business standards (дистанционка, удаленка, запрещенка), as well as neologisms that expand the number of derivatives of the word маска. The author points out the development of coronavirus literature and characterises new online technologies studied by literature, art, and education specialists. Finally, the article describes the axiological explosion accompanying the carnivalisation of the Russian language.

This review examines Art of Comprehending Art, a collection of scholarly articles based on the materials of the conference Historical and Theoretical Issues of Art Studies: For N. A. Dmitrieva's 100th Birthday (held on April 24–25, 2017 at the State Institute of Art Studies of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation). The first part of the collection presents colleagues' memories about N. A. Dmitrieva's work revealing various facets of her talent. In the second part of the book, scholarly articles by contemporary art historians are devoted to the issues that N. A. Dmitrieva examined, i.e. the history of art criticism and art education in Russia, theoretical and methodological issues (image and word, issues of interpretation, kitsch), the creative work of P. Picasso, M. Vrubel, and A. Chekhov. The third section contains fragments of N. A. Dmitrieva's diary, as well as two previously unpublished articles.

The problem of historical memory and the politics of memory, the formation and evolution of memorial culture has become relevant in the context of the "mnemonic turn" in historiography, which began in the 1980s and continues until now. The events of World War I and its consequences in the interwar period occupied a central place in the communicative memory of the Germans and were the main object of historical politics in the Weimar Republic. For obvious reasons, there could be no place for triumphal memory in Germany. The memory of heroes acquired a special emotional meaning and pushed the grief memory version into the background, which was a natural compensation for the catastrophic defeat. Attempts by the official authorities and parties of the Weimar coalition to create a common memorial space of the last war for national consolidation and their own legitimisation ended in failure. In the conditions of a deep socio-political split in society on the brink of civil war, the opposing groups created and spread their own versions of the memory of war, not only competing, but also directly hostile to each other. At the same time, its main carriers were veteran organisations of various party affiliations. They were characterised by a specific memorial culture of admiration for the idealised image of the front-line soldier and disdain for the ones in the rear. As a result, the most significant places of memory, i.e. the Tannenberg Memorial in East Prussia and the Neue Wache building in Berlin never acquired national significance. In the confrontation between conflicting versions of memory, the advantage remained on the side of the conservative, nationalist, and anti-republican forces.

Referring to literary texts, this article considers the possibilities of systematisation and interpretation of the values of Russian culture. For specialised analysis, the author chooses flash fiction by Denis Dragunsky, Mikhail Shishkin, and novel prose by Pavel Krusanov, Alexey Slapovsky, Alexey Salnikov, and Maria Stepanova. The purpose of the research, which is carried out within the field of axiological stylistics, is to identify relevant communicative values with the help of the latest Russian prose. A brief outline of the politicisation and depoliticisation of the Russian language and basic values of culture provides a general idea about the basic values on the time scale of the twentieth and twenty-firstcenturies. The coordination of stylistic and linguacultural methods of analysis identified a strategy of word-centrism, which is common for the authors chosen and finds its expression in the formation of an open supra-textual lexical paradigm. Each component of the paradigmatic row nominates a communicative value and at the same time acts as an object of the author's metaphorical interpretation. The verdict on the "dead" language of the totalitarian era and the "stillborn" language of modern mass literature, full of viruses of vulgarity, profit, and consumerism, is accompanied by the construction of a detailed metaphor of the road, which makes it possible to put forward a socially significant task of linguo-axiological construction. Based on metaphorical diagnostics of speech existence, there are distinguished numerous axiological constants, i.e. a living language and a living word. Not "the only true" word, but a word charged with emotional energy should become an instrument of linguo-axiological construction, which is to be carried out on the basis of creative use of language as a system of possibilities. The ethnotype of a real Russian writer is formed, which is contrasted with the linguacultural type of a successful word seller. The Russian writer, who selflessly serves the Russian language, is to pave the way to a living language by creating texts, which would continue the traditions of classical Russian literature as an imperishable national value.

This review considers a monograph published in 2021 by Ural Federal University. The research of scholars from different countries (Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Poland) is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the Soviet person in various contexts and dimensions. The monograph contributes both to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the Soviet person and to the analysis of its manifestations in social, cultural, and artistic life. The combination of various research positions and strategies makes it possible to create a multidimensional and ambiguous image of homo soveticus seen by bearers of Soviet culture and outside observers. The review provides an analysis of the main sections of the monograph, identifies the most promising problems for further study of this topic, evaluates the originality of the work, and identifies controversial issues that stimulate discussions.

This article examines religious terminology (religious vocabulary recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language) from the standpoint of the categorial-textual approach. The methodological basis of the research proceeds from the fact that religionyms as a system-structural integrity form a special kind of supertext in the explanatory dictionary, which is organised by universal text categories based on their thematic unity. The article analyses the textual categories of space and time which structure the supertext. The study aims to identify the specificity of categories, which are peculiar to the Christian worldview and are reflected in the explanatory dictionary. The study mostly employs the categorial-textual analysis method and techniques of the component and contextual analysis methods. The most important conclusions drawn are that the spatial category of the supertext of religionyms includes objective and conceptual spaces. Objective space is based on the hierarchical dichotomy of "the earthly" and "the heavenly". Earthly space is structured as a field where the core is the temple, the prototypical place, the nearest periphery is the place in the temple and near the temple, while the far periphery is the territory united by Christianity. Heavenly space is a linear vertical structure with the poles in the form of heaven and hell. Conceptual space can be represented as an "inverted cone" where the concrete turns into the abstract and opens into general cultural space. The Chronos of religious discourse represents the dichotomy "the temporal" vs "the eternal". The category of temporality in the supertext of religious names is represented by objective time existing both in profane and sacred manifestations. The general conclusion is that the types of space and time in the Christian explanatory dictionary supertext do not contradict the chronotope of religious texts. The study refers to examples from the following explanatory dictionaries: The Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (1953); The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova (1994); and The Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by A. P. Evgenyeva (1985–1988).