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The concepts of power and state - particularly embedded in the idea of the Great Power, with a geopolitical perspective and a profoundly aggressive character - are tantamount in importance to the Russia's elite political ideology. However, the existence of different emphases within such a political ideology, ranging from the active-obstructive to the passive stances, brings into question the factors of variation that might be responsible for the elite's level of determination to pursue these concepts over an internal or foreign policy development.In addressing this query, two tasks are set: descriptive - involving a survey of the content of Russian aggressive political ideology over different periods in history; and explanatory - determining circumstances that might account for the empowerment of one or other option of Russian aggressive political ideology. Therefore, the thesis includes a comparison of historical periods with similar relevance to the Russian state. The concern here is in relation to shifting factors of variations of aggressive political ideology acting in the space-frame of one state, but in different time-frame. Resting on these frames the thesis explores the shaping of the Russian elite's defining principles of state internal and foreign policy development and traces the factors of variation responsible for the empowerment of one or other particular form of the aggressive political ideology.The factors of variation discussed in the thesis are different in nature and intensity. The primary impetus for variation in the form that aggressive political ideology would take is determined by the factor of national distress. Other factors (regime volatility, political and economic motivations, information dissemination, and challenges within the international system) are responsible for the depth and extent to which aggressive ideology is going to resonate. No factor could create the variation by itself. The argument is that a specific set of factors is required to create the conditions for variations in the form the aggressive political ideology would take and to determine whether aggressive ideology would generate or not an obstructive political decision.

This completely revised and updated fourth edition of the best-selling classic is a thorough treatment of the subject while remaining concise and readable. New additions include capillary electrophoresis, monolithic columns, zwitterion colums, DNA/RNA analysis, fundamentals of the science of IC, and micro methods. The whole is rounded off by handy tables with details on detection or elution conditions, among others.

I. Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels -- Calcium Channel Diversity -- Multiple Types of Calcium Channels: Is their Function Related to Their Localization? -- Calcium Channels Incorporated Into Planar Lipid Bilayers: Phenomenology, Pharmacology, and Phylogeny -- Modulation of Ionic Selectivity of Ca Channels in the Neuronal Membrane by Ca2+ Ions. -- Proton-Induced Transformation of Ca2+ Channel in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Physiology of Multiple Calcium Channels. -- Expression of Presynaptic Calcium Channels in Xenopus Oocytes. -- II. Intracellular Calcium and Cell Function: Sensory Transduction, Modulation of Excitability and Neurosecretion -- Control of Light Emitting Photoprotein by Calcium Channels in a Hydrozoan Coelenterate -- Calcium in Photoreceptors. -- Small Conductance Ca2+ Activated K Channels in Mollusks. -- Ca2+ Diffusion in the Cytoplasm of Aplysia Neurons: Its Relationship to Local Concentration Changes. -- Fura-2 Imaging of Localized Calcium Accumulation Within Squid 'Giant' Presynaptic Terminal -- Toward a Molecular Understanding of Synaptic Transmitter Release: Physiological Clues from the Squid Giant Synapse. -- Quantal Classes and Subunits of Quanta in the Neuromuscular Junction -- III. Ion Channel Modulation by Neurotransmitters and Second Messengers -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Ion Channel Functioning in the Neuronal Membrane. -- Control of the Generation and Removal of Calcium-Mediated Inactivation of the Calcium Current in Helix aspersa Neurons. -- The Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Response of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels to Membrane Depolarization in Mammalian Pituitary Tumor Cells. -- Modulation of the Potassium Conductance in the Squid Giant Axon. -- Physiological Interaction Between Calcium and Cyclip AMP in an Aplysia Bursting Pacemaker Neuron. -- Functional Implications of Calcium Channel Modulation in Embryonic Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. -- Neurotransmitter Modulation of Calcium Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons. -- Modulation of Potassium and Calcium Currents by FMRFamide in Aplysia Neurons: A Mechanism of Presynaptic Inhibition -- Cytoplasmic Modulation of Transmitter Gated K Channels in Cultured Mammalian Central Neurons -- IV. Ion Channels as Causes and Consequences of Development -- Regulation of Cortical Vesicle Exocytosis in Sea Urchin Eggs. -- Studies on the Development of Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels in Vertebrate Neurons. -- Generation of Neuronal Architecture: Ionic Regulation of Growth Cone Behavior. -- Target Cell Contact Modulates Spontaneous Quantal and Non-quantal Acetylcholine Release by Xenopus Spinal Neurons -- Development and Regulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Function -- Steroidal Regulation of mRNA Coding for Potassium Channels in Uterine Smooth Muscle. -- V. New Approaches to Ion Channel Function and Regulation -- Fast Patch-Pipette Internal Perfusion with Minimum Solution Flow -- Evidence for a Bicarbonate Conductance in Neuroglia -- Divalent Cations as Modulators of NMDA-Receptor Channels on Mouse Central Neurons. -- Fluorescence Imaging Applied to the Measurement of Ca2+ in Mammalian Neurons. -- Use of Fused Synaptosomes or Synaptic Vesicles to Study Ion Channels Involved in Neurotransmission. -- Ion Channels of Three Microbes: Paramecium, Yeast and Escherichia coli.

I. Einleitung -- II. Si(Li)-Röntgendetektor-System -- 1. "Totzeit"-Korrektur der Röntgenmeßstrecke -- 2. Die Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeit des Si(Li)-Röntgendetektors -- III. Nachweis von Spurenelementen -- 1. Bestimmung der Nachweisgrenzen -- 2. Suche nach superschweren Elementen in Pechblende -- IV. Wirkungsquerschnitte für L-Unterschalen-Ionisierung durch Protonen -- V. Emission von Röntgenstrahlung nach Beschuß dicker Targets mit schweren Ionen -- VI. Winkelverteilung der L-Röntgenstrahlung nach Ionisation mit einem unpolarisierten Teilchenstrahl -- VII. Zusammenfassung -- Anhang 1 -- Anhang 2.

The currently emerging sodium-ion battery technology is in need of an optimized standard organic solvent electrolyte based on solid and directly comparable data. With this aim we have made a systematic study of "simple" electrolyte systems consisting of two sodium salts (NaTFSI and NaPF6) dissolved in three different alkyl carbonate solvents (EC, PC, DMC) within a wide range of salt concentrations and investigated: (i) their more macroscopic physico-chemical properties such as ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal stability, and (ii) the molecular level properties such as ion-pairing and solvation. From this all electrolytes were found to have useful thermal operational windows and electrochemical stability windows, allowing for large scale energy storage technologies focused on load levelling or (to a less extent) electric vehicles, and ionic conductivities on par with analogous lithium-ion battery electrolytes, giving promise to also be power performant. Furthermore, at the molecular level the NaPF6-based electrolytes are more dissociated than the NaTFSI-based ones because of the higher ionic association strength of TFSI compared to PF6− while two different conformers of DMC participate in the Na+ first solvation shells – a Na+ affected conformational equilibrium and induced polarity of DMC. The non-negligible presence of DMC in the Na+ first solvation shells increases as a function of salt concentration. Overall, these results should both have a general impact on the design of more performant Na-conducting electrolytes and provide useful insight on the very details of the importance of DMC conformers in any cation solvation studies. ; We acknowledge funding received from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 646433 (NAIADES), the ALISTORE-ERI members for many fruitful discussions, and also the funding received from the Swedish Research Council the Swedish Energy Agency (#37671-1), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496). DM especially acknowledges the European Union for a H2020 MSCA-IF grant no. 74343. PJ is grateful for the continuous financial support from several of Chalmers Areas of Advance: Materials Science, Energy, and Transport. We also acknowledge the computational resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE). Author Information ; Peer reviewed

Market Intelligence Report ; Electric vehicles do not directly emit CO2. However, the generation of electricity to charge their Li-ion batteries does. More importantly, though, the manufacturing of Li-ion batteries has considerable environmental and societal impact. On one hand, manufacturing processes are highly energy-intensive, which leads to CO2 emissions and negative environmental impacts. On the other hand, batteries contain raw materials such as cobalt, lithium, manganese, graphite, and nickel, of which the mining and processing entail a negative impact on both local societies and ecosystems. Mining operations for cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo have often been accused of using artisanal miners and child labour, while leaks of toxic chemicals f rom lithium mines in Tibet have caused the deterioration of local fauna. Considering the global increase in battery demand, these issues are only expected to increase, should nothing change. Solutions are being developed. Pyro, hydro, and other, innovative recycling processes are being further developed and upscaled, which could partly replace raw material mining. Although up to now just around 5% of all Li-ion batteries (f rom smaller devices such as laptops or cell phones) are recycled or reused, the volume of larger EV batteries that is expected to reach their end of life in the next few years is expected to change this trend, as recycling of larger batteries – with higher content in valuable materials – is predicted to make recycling f inancially attractive. In addition, new battery technologies with low or no content of "troublesome" raw materials are being developed, such as the cobalt-f ree battery developed in COBRA . This market intelligence report aims to highlight the main environmental and social impacts of Li-ion batteries, as well as technologies and measures to reduce them. ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables::12.2 - Per a 2030, assolir la gestió sostenible i l'ús eficient dels recursos naturals ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables::12.4 - Per a 2020, aconseguir la gestió ecològicament racional dels productes químics i de tots els residus al llarg del seu cicle de vida, de conformitat amb els marcs internacionals convinguts, i reduir-ne de manera significativa l'alliberament a l'atmosfera, a l'aigua i al sòl a fi de minimitzar-ne els efectes adversos sobre la salut humana i el medi ambient ; Preprint