Suchergebnisse

This book examines the constitutional history of Transylvania, a region of Central Europe that has experienced a compelling series of historical events and been governed by a variety of ancient, medieval, and modern entities, as well as its own peoples, who from time to time have jointly or separately exercised their right to self-governance. The books main goal is to provide, for the first time in English, a comprehensive source for those interested in the variety of states, constitutional and public legal orders which have succeeded one another during Transylvanias tumultuous history. It serves to underline the regions uniqueness as a space where (for better or worse) several nationalities, multiple religions and varied cultures have had to find a way to get along, under the pressures of external state and constitutional orders. It seeks to show both the positive and the negative solutions found, which advanced or hindered this goal of organised coexistence.

Mienie kościelne w rumunii zostało znacjonalizowane przez reżim komunistyczny. Kościoły mniejszości narodowych (węgierskich i niemieckich), które tradycyjnie były szerokozaangażowane w utrzymanie i prowadzenie szkół, zostały szczególnie dotknięte przez proces nacjonalizacji. W okresie międzywojennym szkoły te prowadziły nauczanie w językachmniejszości narodowych. Nacjonalizacja objęła cały majątek szkół wyznaniowych, często niszcząc wielowiekową tradycję. Majątek podlegający upaństwowieniu obejmował zarówno budynki szkolne, jak i mieszkania nauczycieli oraz aktywa gospodarcze, które służyły do finansowania działalności szkoły. Po transformacji ustrojowej państwo rumuńskie stopniowo tworzyło ramy prawne restytucji. Po obiecujących początkach tendencja uległa zmianie, a zwrot znacjonalizowanego majątku kościołom zaczęto utrudniać w praktyce orzeczniczej sądów i organów administracji. Zmianie praktyki nie towarzyszły jednak zmiany legislacyjne. Niniejszy artykuł ilustruje na konkretnym przykładzie sprzeczności w orzecznictwie, przeszkody o charakterze ideologicznym utrudniające reprywatyzację, a także złożone tło historyczne i pojawiające się problemy cywilnoprawne.

Attorney Elemér Óvári was a legendary figure of Cluj in the first half of the 20th century. His professional, civic organizing activity and his magistral skills of organizing pranks were legendary in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and later in Romania. The salon, run with his wife, Olga Purjesz, was a prominent centre of cultural life in Cluj. This study seeks to reconstruct the life of Elemér Óvári and the tragic events that took place in October 1944 in Cluj, in the context of the Soviet army's invasion and of the efforts to protect the city from the fighting.

The article deals with the current regulation of contractual invalidity in the Romanian Civil Code in force from the 1st of October 2011. Based on millennial traditions of Roman law, the regulation is influenced by all the modern solutions or developments of civil law codification, resulting in a complex system of rules, sometimes shaped by the legal practice. The article focuses on the overall design of invalidity and its specific forms: nullity, voidability, and unwritten clauses. An emphasis stands on the specificities of the Romanian rules and also on some current developments of legal cases.

Romania's Civil Code, which entered into force in 2011, is ten years old. It is essential to evaluate the codification results to assess the impact of the reform and the possible directions for its correction. The study reviews the circumstances and the objectives of the drafting of the Code. It draws attention to the positive aspects of the drafting of the Code and its innovative characteristics and points out several potential problems. It also indicates that the time is ripe for the first significant amendment following the entry into force of the Code. The Constitutional Court has declared unconstitutional the rule that a person who, because of mental retardation or insanity, lacks the capacity of discernment necessary to pursue his or her interests must be subject to a judicial interdiction. Instead of a judicial interdiction, a more equitable and gradual protection system for persons lacking the capacity to reason should be devised.

The aim of the discussion paper is to assess the current state of Romanian−Hungarian relations in Transylvania, the causes of the problems and possible ways to improve interethnic links. The proposals include legal and non-legal solutions. From a Hungarian point of view, is not possible to circumvent the redesign of the dialogue; it is necessary to be able to explain why the goal is to achieve consociational democracy. In this context, it is also necessary to write a short programe document in Romanian outlining the ideal model of coexistence. The legal instrument for moving forward still seems to be the Minority Act provided for in the Constitution but never adopted. In this regard, Romania is in a situation of anti-constitutionality due to omission. Resolving the problem of language use in the judiciary is also a key issue. The establishment of training centres in Cluj-Napoca and Iași within the framework of the National Institute of Magistracy in the short term may be a step forward to tackle the under-representation in the judiciary, while consociational democracy is the solution in the long term for this issue as well. The topic of cultural autonomy, which already exists in certain elements, is also open and may lead to progress, and this must be resolved within the framework of the Minority Act.

At the end of 1918, the Romanian Army overran Transylvania in the context of the Hungarian state crisis. Before the peace treaty conclusion, in 1919, it took over the judiciary in the occupied territories: the courts and the bar of attorneys. This article examines the course and legal context of this takeover: the problem of legality and the actual course of the takeover.

The author of the following study presents the institution of surety as it is regulated in Romanian civil law. The notion of surety (in the sense of the person offering the guarantee) is presented, as well as the legal nature of the surety contract, and its defining characteristic of an accessory guarantee as well as the conclusion of the contract and the formal and material requirements for its validity. In the following, the author presents the various types of surety regulated in Romanian civil law. Regarding the effects of the surety contract the study presents the legal consequences specifically regulated in Romania, which arise when the debtor fails to respect his obligations. In the final part of the study, the reasons for the cessation of the effects of the surety contract, are presented, with special emphasis on the death of the surety (natural person), which, contrary to the apparent meaning of the legal text, does not result in the cancellation of any debt owed by the deceased surety in virtue of the surety contract. This debt shall remain due as part of the surety's estate.

"This edited volume examines two recent Central European recodifications of civil law. The contributors present and discuss the regulation and the fundamental changes related to the new Civil Codes in each country. They also highlight the novelties and some of the issues of great debate of the new regulation. The papers investigate specific parts of the two Civil Codes. Coverage reviews default rules of legal persons and companies, key issues of the new regulations of property law, and the topic of intellectual property. The contributors also consider the law of obligation, unforeseeable changes in circumstances in contracts, family law and law of succession, and more. Hungary and Romania connect to each other by their special historical and cultural background, which serves as a solid basis of great cooperation. This volume shows how the two countries view civil law. It offers readers straightforward and practice-oriented knowledge on the subject." -- Publisher's website