Suchergebnisse

Znak strzelca na mundurze: członkowie Związku Strzelców Litwy w litewskiej wojnie prtyzanckiej lat 1944–1953 W artykule analizowana jest symbolika strzelecka używana na mundurach partyzanckich. Autor pokazuje rozwój tej symboliki na podstawie partyzanckich publikacji i dąży do ustalenia przyczyn pojawienia się tej symboliki na mundurach. Z analizy wynika, że ruch strzelecki czy przynależność do Litewskiego Związku Strzelców w pewnym stopniu były reprezentowane w uniformach poszczególnych oddziałów i ich elementach. Najwyraźniej symbolika była obecna na naszywkach, które swoją formą przypominały oznakowanie Związku Strzelców. Widzimy, że w 1949 r., podczas tworzenia jednolitego systemu oznakowania stopni partyzanckich, został użyty sposób podobny do tego, jaki był używany w latach trzydziestych w Litewskim Związku Strzelców. Przejęcie takiej tradycji mogło być uwarunkowane członkostwem wielu dowódców oddziałów, a także najwyższego dowództwa w przedwojennym Związku. Te refleksje pośrednio pokazują związek pomiędzy międzywojennymi strzelcami a powojennymi partyzantami. Część symboliki Litewskiego Związku Strzelców używana w okresie międzywojennym została przeniesiona również do wydawnictw, ujawniając oraz formując w ten sposób tożsamość partyzantów. Jednocześnie próbowano pokazać i zaznaczyć nieprzerwany związek z nieistniejącą już organizacją. Stając do walki z okupantem, partyzanci identyfikowali się jako kontynuatorzy wojska Republiki Litewskiej walczącego o niepodległość kraju. Noszone uniformy i ich odznaki (naszywki, kokardy, oznaki stopni i funkcji), a także wydawnictwa ukazują bezpośredni związek z istniejącym do lata 1940 r. Litewskim Związkiem Strzelców, który od czasu reform wojska w 1935 r. stał się jego integralną częścią. Summary Rifleman's sign on the uniform: the members of Lithuanian Riflemen's Union in the lithuanian partisan war (1944–1953) The article analyses the riflemen symbolism used in partisan uniforms. The aim is to identify the reasons and discuss the development of the use of riflemen symbols in partisan uniforms and in partisan press. The research has shown that the membership of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union was reflected to a certain extent in the uniforms (or their elements) of different partisan units. This is mostly visible in the uniform patches of different partisan districts which were similar to the sign of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. It is assumed that in 1949, the newly created unified partisan rank system borrowed ideas from the rank system used by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union in the third decade of the 20th century. This could be influenced by the fact that a certain part of high and low rank partisan leaders had been the members of the former Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. These assumptions show an indirect link between the riflemen of interwar period and post-war partisans. A certain part of the symbolism used by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union during the interwar period was transferred to partisan publications. This helped to form and reflect the partisan identity as well as to show the continuation of the relation with the former organization. Despite the fact that the partisans identified themselves with the successors of the army of the Lithuanian Republic who fought for the independence of the state, the uniform and its insignia (patches, cockades, and rank signs) as well as partisan publications show a direct connection with the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union which existed until the summer of 1940 and which became an integral part of the army since 1935 as a result of the conducted military reforms, modernization and restructuring.

Znak strzelca na mundurze: członkowie Związku Strzelców Litwy w litewskiej wojnie prtyzanckiej lat 1944–1953 W artykule analizowana jest symbolika strzelecka używana na mundurach partyzanckich. Autor pokazuje rozwój tej symboliki na podstawie partyzanckich publikacji i dąży do ustalenia przyczyn pojawienia się tej symboliki na mundurach. Z analizy wynika, że ruch strzelecki czy przynależność do Litewskiego Związku Strzelców w pewnym stopniu były reprezentowane w uniformach poszczególnych oddziałów i ich elementach. Najwyraźniej symbolika była obecna na naszywkach, które swoją formą przypominały oznakowanie Związku Strzelców. Widzimy, że w 1949 r., podczas tworzenia jednolitego systemu oznakowania stopni partyzanckich, został użyty sposób podobny do tego, jaki był używany w latach trzydziestych w Litewskim Związku Strzelców. Przejęcie takiej tradycji mogło być uwarunkowane członkostwem wielu dowódców oddziałów, a także najwyższego dowództwa w przedwojennym Związku. Te refleksje pośrednio pokazują związek pomiędzy międzywojennymi strzelcami a powojennymi partyzantami. Część symboliki Litewskiego Związku Strzelców używana w okresie międzywojennym została przeniesiona również do wydawnictw, ujawniając oraz formując w ten sposób tożsamość partyzantów. Jednocześnie próbowano pokazać i zaznaczyć nieprzerwany związek z nieistniejącą już organizacją. Stając do walki z okupantem, partyzanci identyfikowali się jako kontynuatorzy wojska Republiki Litewskiej walczącego o niepodległość kraju. Noszone uniformy i ich odznaki (naszywki, kokardy, oznaki stopni i funkcji), a także wydawnictwa ukazują bezpośredni związek z istniejącym do lata 1940 r. Litewskim Związkiem Strzelców, który od czasu reform wojska w 1935 r. stał się jego integralną częścią. Summary Rifleman's sign on the uniform: the members of Lithuanian Riflemen's Union in the lithuanian partisan war (1944–1953) The article analyses the riflemen symbolism used in partisan uniforms. The aim is to identify the reasons and discuss the development of the use of riflemen symbols in partisan uniforms and in partisan press. The research has shown that the membership of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union was reflected to a certain extent in the uniforms (or their elements) of different partisan units. This is mostly visible in the uniform patches of different partisan districts which were similar to the sign of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. It is assumed that in 1949, the newly created unified partisan rank system borrowed ideas from the rank system used by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union in the third decade of the 20th century. This could be influenced by the fact that a certain part of high and low rank partisan leaders had been the members of the former Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. These assumptions show an indirect link between the riflemen of interwar period and post-war partisans. A certain part of the symbolism used by the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union during the interwar period was transferred to partisan publications. This helped to form and reflect the partisan identity as well as to show the continuation of the relation with the former organization. Despite the fact that the partisans identified themselves with the successors of the army of the Lithuanian Republic who fought for the independence of the state, the uniform and its insignia (patches, cockades, and rank signs) as well as partisan publications show a direct connection with the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union which existed until the summer of 1940 and which became an integral part of the army since 1935 as a result of the conducted military reforms, modernization and restructuring.

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.Key words: paramilitarism, Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, Ministry of Defence, Lithuanianarmy, military defence of Lithuania. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/ahuk.v28i0.925

This article discusses the process of the integration of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (LRU)into the state's defence system in the 1920s and 1930s. The key features and boundaries ofthe process are outlined, on the basis of archival materials and research literature. An analysisof relations between the military authorities and the LRU reveals individual characteristics ofthe relationship between the riflemen and the army. The regional context of the process isevaluated within the limitations of the sources available, by presenting the situations of similarparamilitary organisations in Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Poland during the period in question.

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

The aim of the methodical tool is to improve students' knowledge and give major guidelines on the writing of BA/ MA thesis or a reasearch paper on the history of a military unit (regiment, batallion, company, batery, etc.), military combination (division, brigade, group, file, etc.), military service (engineering, communication, medical, etc.) or subdivisions (company, group, etc.) of paramilitary organizations (Shooters Union, Scouts Association, Young Lithuania).

This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.

This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.

This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.