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Anonymity – its desirability and perceived difficulty divides the domain of qualitative research. This article shows that such divisions are associated with discrepancies in assumptions about what the power relations between the researcher and the researched, as well as the desired goals of the research, should be. This article questions the assumption that anonymity is necessary only for ethical reasons and identifies three additional functions of it in qualitative research: anonymity as 'ontology', anonymity as 'analysis' and anonymity as 'independence'. First, ontologically, anonymity is a way of turning into 'data' what someone has said or written. Second, anonymization as 'analysis' turns the participants into examples of specific theoretical categories, and as such is a part of the data analysis. Third, anonymity as 'independence' enables the researcher to interpret the data irrespective of the participants' wishes. As a conclusion, this article argues that anonymizing research participants has an influence on the overall quality of research and therefore is also useful when no ethical risks are perceived, when participants wish not to remain anonymous or when their anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

This Policy Dialogue compares two very different conceptions of the informal economy that are prominent internationally: a market-based approach and a rights-based approach. It reflects upon the policy implications of adopting one perspective or the other, and argues that the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'worker' are often ideologically charged rather than a reflection of the structural positions of the 'informals'. The paper is critical of a market-based perspective and of the related notion of informal entrepreneurs, as these may lead to policy recommendations that undermine the already fragile livelihoods of many people. The ideas presented in this paper are part of a work in progress and are intended to promote further debate about sustainable policy-making aimed at enhancing the economic and social standing of vulnerable people in the informal economy. ; This Policy Dialogue was written in collaboration with the Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University. CONTENTS: Foreword -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What is informality? -- 3. Causes of informality -- 4. Problems with informality -- 5. Policy recommendations -- 6. Policy impacts: illustrations fro Sub-Saharan Africa -- 7. Conclusion -- Bibliography

Since the 1960s, the virtues have been making a comeback in various fields of study. This book offers an overview of the history of virtues from Plato to Nietzsche, discusses the philosophy and psychology of virtues, and analyzes different applications of virtue in epistemology, positive psychology, ethics, and politics. (Publisher)

The Nordic countries have a long history of public access to official documents. In this respect, Nordic administrations are significantly more open than their non-Nordic counterparts in the European Union. In recent decades, the weight of the right to privacy and the right to protection of personal data has increased in European Union law. Data protection has been given the status of a fundamental right and the new General Data Protection Regulation came into effect on 25 May 2018. Taking into account the strict conditions that EU courts have defined for access to documents containing personal data, will the new Regulation limit the currently broad access in the Nordic countries? ; Non peer reviewed