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In the municipal law of Argentine and europe there is a confucion very idespread between "municipality" and "local community". This confucion has brought as a result that the local community has stopped to be seeing as it really is: something natural like families and other kinds of human groups with own life, as a biological entity, in sum as an organic-natural group with a self power quota for own government and to solve it´s own problems and needs.This situacion has a directly connected relation with the municipal extension of territory and it is a common topic for the municipal doctrine.But the fact that the provinces of "Mendoza", "Buenos Aires" and "La Rioja" adopt in their constitutions the Departmental-Municipal system prevents to their local communities the exercise of their autonomy in relation to their own municipal system and with all type of national and international governmental level.This system of dependency is contrary to de advance and development of each local community because to solve their problems each community depends on the decisions adopted by the single municipal government, that centralize the promulgation and application of legal norms for the entire municipal department. ; En el derecho municipal argentino y europeo hay una confusión muy difundida entre los términos "municipio" y "comunidad local". Esta confusión ha traído como consecuencia que se deje de ver a la comunidad local como lo que realmente es: algo natural, un conjunto de personas, familias y grupos humanos con vida propia, como una entidad biológica, en suma, como un conjuntoorgánico-natural con una cuota de poder propio para autogobernarse y resolver sus problemas y necesidades.Esta situación tiene directa relación con el problema de la extensión territorial de los municipios y es un tema recurrentemente abordado por la doctrina municipalista. Es que el municipio se debería corresponder con ese concreto grupo humano asentado en un concreto territorio.Pero el hecho de que las provincias de Mendoza, Buenos Aires y La ...

For decades, earnings from farming in many low-income countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth. They also add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since most of the world's billion poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries also have begun reforming their protectionist policies. Drawing on results from a new multi-country research project, this paper examines the extent of South Africa's reforms relative to those of other temperate-zone Southern Hemisphere countries, of Northern Hemisphere rich countries, and of other developing countries. It concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform at home and abroad. ; Financial assistance from World Bank Trust Funds, particularly from DfID and BNPP, are gratefully acknowledged.

For decades, earnings from farming in many low-income countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies, as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic growth. They also add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since most of the world's billion poorest people depend on farming for their livelihood. Over the past two decades numerous developing country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries also have begun reforming their protectionist policies. Drawing on results from a new multi-country research project, this paper examines the extent of South Africa's reforms relative to those of other temperate-zone Southern Hemisphere countries, of Northern Hemisphere rich countries, and of other developing countries. It concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform at home and abroad. ; Financial assistance from World Bank Trust Funds, particularly from DfID and BNPP, are gratefully acknowledged.

Context. The Centaur (10199) Chariklo has the first ring system discovered around a small object. It was first observed using stellar occultation in 2013. Stellar occultations allow sizes and shapes to be determined with kilometre accuracy, and provide the characteristics of the occulting object and its vicinity. Aims. Using stellar occultations observed between 2017 and 2020, our aim is to constrain the physical parameters of Chariklo and its rings. We also determine the structure of the rings, and obtain precise astrometrical positions of Chariklo. Methods. We predicted and organised several observational campaigns of stellar occultations by Chariklo. Occultation light curves were measured from the datasets, from which ingress and egress times, and the ring widths and opacity values were obtained. These measurements, combined with results from previous works, allow us to obtain significant constraints on Chariklo's shape and ring structure. Results. We characterise Chariklo's ring system (C1R and C2R), and obtain radii and pole orientations that are consistent with, but more accurate than, results from previous occultations. We confirm the detection of W-shaped structures within C1R and an evident variation in radial width. The observed width ranges between 4.8 and 9.1 km with a mean value of 6.5 km. One dual observation (visible and red) does not reveal any differences in the C1R opacity profiles, indicating a ring particle size larger than a few microns. The C1R ring eccentricity is found to be smaller than 0.022 (3 sigma), and its width variations may indicate an eccentricity higher than similar to 0.005. We fit a tri-axial shape to Chariklo's detections over 11 occultations, and determine that Chariklo is consistent with an ellipsoid with semi-axes of 143.8(-1.5)(+1.4), 135.2(-2.8)(+1.4), and 99.1(-2.7)(+5.4) km. Ultimately, we provided seven astrometric positions at a milliarcsecond accuracy level, based on Gaia EDR3, and use it to improve Chariklo's ephemeris. ; European Research Council under the European Community's H2020 669416 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF) 465376/2014-2 European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 860470 Novo Nordisk Foundation Interdisciplinary Synergy Programme NNF19OC0057374 Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS PDR T.0120.21 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) BEM 150612/2020-6 FB-R 314772/2020-0 RV-M 304544/2017-f5 401903/2016-8 JIBC 308150/2016-3 305917/20196 MA 427700/2018-3 ; Versión aceptada para publicar - Postprint