Suchergebnisse

Rising prices in energy, raw materials, and shortages of critical raw materials (CRMs) for renewable energies or electric vehicles are jeopardizing the transition to a low-carbon economy. Therefore, managing scarce resources must be a priority for governments. To that end, appropriate indicators that can identify the criticality of raw materials and products is key. Thermodynamic rarity (TR) is an exergy-based indicator that measures the scarcity of elements in the earth's crust and the energy intensity to extract and refine them. This paper uses TR to study 70 Mobile Phone (MP) Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) samples. Results show that an average MP PCB has a TR of 88 MJ per unit, indicating their intensive use of valuable materials. Every year the embedded TR increases by 36,250 GWh worldwide -similar to the electricity consumed by Denmark in 2019- due to annual production of MP. Pd, Ta and Au embedded in MP PCBs worldwide between 2007 and 2021 contribute to 90% of the overall TR, which account for 75, 600 and 250 tones, respectively, and increasing by 11% annually. This, coupled with the short lifespan of MP, makes PCBs an important potential source of secondary resources.

Rising prices in energy, raw materials, and shortages of critical raw materials (CRMs) for renewable energies or electric vehicles are jeopardizing the transition to a low-carbon economy. Therefore, managing scarce resources must be a priority for governments. To that end, appropriate indicators that can identify the criticality of raw materials and products is key. Thermodynamic rarity (TR) is an exergy-based indicator that measures the scarcity of elements in the earth''s crust and the energy intensity to extract and refine them. This paper uses TR to study 70 Mobile Phone (MP) Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) samples. Results show that an average MP PCB has a TR of 88 MJ per unit, indicating their intensive use of valuable materials. Every year the embedded TR in-creases by 36, 250 GWh worldwide-similar to the electricity consumed by Denmark in 2019-due to annual production of MP. Pd, Ta and Au embedded in MP PCBs worldwide between 2007 and 2021 contribute to 90% of the overall TR, which account for 75, 600 and 250 tones, respectively, and in-creasing by 11% annually. This, coupled with the short lifespan of MP, makes PCBs an important potential source of secondary resources. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

En el presente artículo se plantea el origen, evolución y desarrollo de las acciones públicas del deporte en Colombia desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la primera década del siglo XXI, en comparación con la evolución en España. Por medio del enfoque de análisis del institucionalismo histórico se establecen los cambios de las relaciones y configuraciones. Se plantea que tanto el concepto de deporte como las políticas públicas que se han implementado en su entorno, han sufrido cambios y variaciones que han configurado en la escena pública su desarrollo y estado actual. Los escenarios deportivos español y colombiano han sido y son diferentes, desde el carácter constitucional del deporte, hasta el momento del inicio de la acción política; pero justo en estos instantes, Colombia ha creado un Ministerio solamente para el deporte, estando España a la espera de una nueva regulación legal global del deporte y el ejercicio físico. ; The origin, evolution and development of public sports activities in Colombia compared to the evolution in Spain, since the late nineteenth century to the first decade of the twenty first century are raised in this paper. Through an approach of historical institutionalism analysis, changes in power relations and configurations are set. It is posed that both the concept of sport and public policy that have been implemented in its environment, have undergone changes and variations that have configured its development and current status on the public stage. The Spanish and Colombian sports venues have been and are different, from the constitutional nature of the sport to the moment of the beginning of the political action; but just in these instants, Colombia advances to Spain with its interest to create with ministerial rank a sport department being Spain waiting for a new global legal regulation of the sport and the physical exercise. ; Sin financiación ; No data JCR 2020 ; No data SJR 2020 ; 0.321 IDR (2020) C3, 25/43 Deporte ; UEM

Processed cheese from cow's milk is one of the most consumed dairy products worldwide. Since this product is defined as ready-to-eat, foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can represent a health concern for susceptible populations. In this study, the individual and combined kinetic behaviour of four L. monocytogenes serogroups (namely, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b) persistently isolated from a Spanish cheesemaking factory was modelled on grated cheese at different isothermal conditions (4 and 12 °C) during a 120-days period. The serogroup variability was characterized over the storage time by the isolation and identification of the different serogroups in the cocktail containing the four strains. This processed cheese did not support the growth of L. monocytogenes during storage. Survival patterns described by the log-linear type model indicated a high variability of L. monocytogenes serotypes at the tested temperatures: L. monocytogenes serogroup 4b showed a more rapid decrease rate at 4 °C than at 12 °C, while the opposite trend was found for the rest of serogroups and the L. monocytogenes cocktail containing all the strains. Survival rate of L. monocytogenes serogroup 1/2c at 4 °C was 0.007 log CFU/d being the most resistant serotype while at 12 °C, serogroup 1/2a showed the lowest survival rate (0.011 log CFU/d), thus showing a prolonged survival at this temperature. This study highlights the potential implications of L. monocytogenes contamination in processed cheese and shows that serogroup variability should be considered when evaluating survival patterns in contaminated products. Finally, the predictive models developed here could be useful to assist food operators to set specific storage conditions and formulations to avoid L. monocytogenes growth and survival in grated cheeses. ; European Union (EU) funded Integrated Project PROMISE (project number 265877; 7th Framework Programme)

El presente estudio, hecho en el Departamento de Norte de Santander, en Colombia, tenía como objetivo establecer el concepto de calidad de la educación mediante el método de teoría fundamentada. Se implementaron talleres participativos con diversos actores del ecosistema educativo y se aplicaron técnicas de análisis de contenido. El resultado fue un concepto de calidad de la educación basado en seis ejes axiológicos: integración compleja de dimensiones, proceso dialógico, educación como derecho, gestión socioemocional, inclusión de la diversidad y lenguaje inclusivo. Estos ejes están estimulados por los valores del sistema educativo y las necesidades de la sociedad en torno a él. Este concepto no solo redefine la calidad de la educación desde una perspectiva territorial delineando la ruta para la configuración de indicadores de medición, sino que también demuestra la importancia del proceso dialógico en la construcción de elementos ontológicos para la calidad de la educación, que deben ser comprendidos y aplicados por todos los actores del sistema educativo.

The objective of this study was to model and quantify the level of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk cheese (RMc) and pasteurized milk cheese (PMc) from farm to fork using a Bayesian inference approach combined with a quantitative risk assessment. The modeling approach included a prediction of contamination arising from the farm environment as well from cross‐contamination within the cheese‐processing facility through storage and subsequent human exposure. The model predicted a high concentration of L. monocytogenes in contaminated RMc (mean 2.19 log10 CFU/g) compared to PMc (mean −1.73 log10 CFU/g). The mean probability of illness (P1 for low‐risk population, LR) and (P2 for high‐risk population, HR, e.g., immunocompromised) adult Irish consumers following exposure to contaminated cheese was 7 × 10−8 (P1) and 9 × 10−4 (P2) for RMc and 7 × 10−10 (P1) and 8 × 10−6 (P2) for PMc, respectively. In addition, the model was used to evaluate performance objectives at various stages, namely, the cheese making and ripening stages, and to set a food safety objective at the time of consumption. A scenario analysis predicted various probabilities of L. monocytogenes contamination along the cheese‐processing chain for both RMc and PMc. The sensitivity analysis showed the critical factors for both cheeses were the serving size of the cheese, storage time, and temperature at the distribution stage. The developed model will allow food processors and policymakers to identify the possible routes of contamination along the cheese‐processing chain and to reduce the risk posed to human health.

vEGU21: Gather Online | 19–30 April 2021 ; The chemical and textural characterization of ash layers allows relating them to their volcanic source, provides information regarding an eruptive event and its impact; and pictures more accurate scenarios in case of future activity. Deception Island, located in central Bransfield strait (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), consists of a horseshoe-shaped composite volcano, whose central part is occupied by a collapse caldera (8.5 x 10 km). It is considered to be among the most active volcanoes in Antarctica and a future eruption is very likely to happen, affecting the military and scientific research stations located nearby. The characterisation of volcanic ash layers found in marine sediment cores outside Deception Island can provide valuable information to: (i) determine the size and explosiveness of past eruptive events, (ii) assess the extent of their related hazards; and (iii) complete the eruption record of the island. Here, we present results of the characterization of the ash layers found on five marine sediment cores (TG-40, 41,43, 48 and 50) drilled proximal to Deception Island (less than 40 km) during the Antarctic Campaign of the MAGIA project (ANT-584/97). The final aim is to trace isochronous tephra horizons between the studied cores and try associating them to their respective eruptive events on the island. First, we carried out a granulometry analysis of each sampled layer and characterized the morphology of the fragments using as parameters: elongation, sphericity, solidity, and length/width ratio. Results obtained indicate that most of the layers are moderate to well sorted coarse ash. Minor amounts of lapilli and fine ash appear in the shallower (0 to 50 cm depth) layers. The granulometry and the morphology indicate that the layers have been reworked by turbiditic currents after the eruption, but not enough to destroy the information necessary for correlation. The petrographical study via optical microscope has highlighted the presence of three different types of volcanic glasses based on: (i) the colour of the ash particles under non-crossed polarized light; (ii) microcrystal content; (iii) texture; and (iv) vesicle abundance. Type 1 glasses, with black colour and generally shard shaped, show a low content in microcrystals and vesicles. Type 2, with brown colour and more spherical shapes, have a higher content in microcrystals and the fragments usually have a fluidal texture; the vesicle abundance is variable. Type 3, with yellow colour and variably shaped, are usually rich in microcrystals and vesicles, and have fluidal texture. In all families, the mineralogy of the microcrystals is mainly plagioclase (90%), pyroxene and olivine. The longest core (TG-48, 120 cm long) contains 15 layers, the deepest ones (113, 115 and 120 cm depth) may be correlated to the ones found in previous studies associated with a period of abundant volcanic activity around 2000 years BP. ; This research is part of POLARCSIC and PTIVolcan research initiatives. This research was partially funded by the MINECO grants VOLCLIMA (CGL2015-72629-EXP), POSVOLDEC(CTM2016-79617-P)(AEI/FEDER-UE) and VOLGASDEC (PGC2018-095693-B-I00)(AEI/FEDER, UE). Analyzed tephra samples and sediment cores were provided by the rock repository of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar del CSIC (ICM-CSIC) (http://gma.icm.csic.es/ca/dades).

International audience ; A methodology based on the combination of two complementary approaches to rank microbiological risks in foods is presented. In the forward approach data on the pathogenicity of hazards and their behaviour in food during processing and following steps, up to consumption, are used in decision trees to qualitatively estimate the risk associated with foods. In the backward approach risks are evaluated based on the analysis of data available on the past occurrence of hazards and food-borne outbreaks. The categorisation of foods using the forward approach should prevail, and whenever it leads to a likely risk for a given food, the risk can be further qualified with the results from the backward approach. The methodology developed was applied to rank the public health risk posed by certain composite products, which contain both processed products of animal origin and products of plant origin (e.g., bread, cakes, chocolate). Despite limitations in the data available for these foods, valuable results were obtained. The method is therefore considered suitable for application with success to other types of food, and is proposed as a tool for risk managers to rank foods based on their potential food safety risks. Introduction In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures it is stated that sanitary measures should be based on an assessment of the risks to humans, taking into account risk assessment techniques. In the European Union (EU), the general principles governing food and feed safety are laid down in Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (General

International audience ; A methodology based on the combination of two complementary approaches to rank microbiological risks in foods is presented. In the forward approach data on the pathogenicity of hazards and their behaviour in food during processing and following steps, up to consumption, are used in decision trees to qualitatively estimate the risk associated with foods. In the backward approach risks are evaluated based on the analysis of data available on the past occurrence of hazards and food-borne outbreaks. The categorisation of foods using the forward approach should prevail, and whenever it leads to a likely risk for a given food, the risk can be further qualified with the results from the backward approach. The methodology developed was applied to rank the public health risk posed by certain composite products, which contain both processed products of animal origin and products of plant origin (e.g., bread, cakes, chocolate). Despite limitations in the data available for these foods, valuable results were obtained. The method is therefore considered suitable for application with success to other types of food, and is proposed as a tool for risk managers to rank foods based on their potential food safety risks. Introduction In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures it is stated that sanitary measures should be based on an assessment of the risks to humans, taking into account risk assessment techniques. In the European Union (EU), the general principles governing food and feed safety are laid down in Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (General