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Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethics and the Ascetic Ideal -- 3. Creation through Negation: The Rite of Bhiksha -- 4. The Making of an Ascetic: The Construction of Difference -- 5. Death, Demons, and Desire -- 6. The Worldly Life of Renunciants -- 7. Devotion and Divinity -- 8. Conclusion: Ascetic Women - The Link in the Laukik and Lokottar -- Appendices -- Glossary -- Notes -- References -- Index

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- can the rich save the world? -- the anthropology of gift-giving -- the donor, the recipient and wider society -- just who do philanthropists think they are? -- english philanthropy and beyond -- Chapter 1: Two Visions of Philanthropy -- the greeks - philanthrôpía and honour -- the romans, aristotle, and the philanthropy of patronage -- the place of the poor in graeco-roman philanthropy -- the jews - giving in imitation of god -- philanthropy and the just society -- islam - philanthropy as social solidarity -- children of abraham -- Interview: Jonathan Sacks on Jewish philanthropy -- Chapter 2: The Foundations of Western Philanthropy -- jesus the jew - and the jesus of the gospels -- st paul - jewish sensibility and hellenistic thinking -- the arrival of rich christians -- almsgiving and christian identity -- philanthropists as lovers of the poor -- is almsgiving redemptive? -- Interview: Jonathan Ruffer on Christianity and giving -- Chapter 3: Medieval Charity -- the parish and its tithes -- the rise of the monasteries -- medieval islamic philanthropic institutions -- from 'poverty of status' to 'poverty of ­possessions' among medieval jews -- maimonides and the hierarchy of giving -- the twelfth-century renaissance - a new economy and a new theology -- reconciling medieval contradictions - gratian's decretum -- the rights of the poor and the duty of the rich -- should the rich discriminate in their giving? -- rich and poor encompassed in a community of love -- Interview: Naser Haghamed on Islamic charity -- Chapter 4: How the Black Death Changed Everything -- did medieval philanthropy work in practice? -- the impact of the doctrine of purgatory on giving -- how the black death corrupted relations between rich and poor -- the death of feudalism and the rise of the beggar.

Education: 'keep knocking at the gates' -- Work: 'the hopes of tomorrow' -- Health: 'smashed human lives' -- Suffrage: 'I want my vote!' -- Suffragettes: 'fighting for my liberty' -- War and work: 'an army of women' -- Radical women and the first politicians: 'fulfilling hopes'

The Irish musician is in an interesting position in relation to other post-colonial world cultures. As a colonised nation we have much in common with other colonised or formerly colonised peoples but we are also a first world country firmly ensconced as part of the "Western World". As an Irish traditional musician first and foremost, I often feel a close affinity, both musically and politically, with other traditional musics from around the world, but I have also had a long relationship with Western Art Music. While I haven't always felt "at home" socially with classical music, I have ended up composing music which draws to a great extent on my classical music education along with elements of Irish traditional music and other traditional musics. This synthesis of elements is at the crux of the music that I compose and it is this aspect that I intend to explore most in this thesis. I am going to begin with an auto-ethnographic discussion of my background as a musician and the various strands that have come to have importance for me as a composer. This will be followed by a look at the idea of cross-cultural composition and its particular influences on my own work. The final section of the dissertation is a series of commentaries on eight of my compositions, discussing how they relate to this paradigm.

Will Pope Francis turn out to be the Vatican equivalent of President Obama, delivering much less than he seemed to promise? The year ahead will show. But already the signs are that Francis could turn out to be one of the most radical reforming popes of modern times. Adapted from the source document.

Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues, edited by Peter Flügel. Abingdon: Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2006. (Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies), xvi + 478pp., £100. ISBN 0-415-36099-4 (hb).

Extra care housing is increasingly prominent as a strategic solution to the issues presented by an ageing population and low demand in traditional sheltered housing and (in some cases) as an alternative to residential care. However, it is proving difficult to assess rigorously its long‐term benefits and cost‐effectiveness compared with other housing and care models ‐ a task which must be undertaken in preparation for the Supporting People regime. This article reviews Anchor's own research on extra care housing and is intended to stimulate a wide‐ranging debate on the methodological difficulties that such an agenda represents.

The Research Directory: Older People & Housing provides the first comprehensive overview of current and recent research into older people's housing across the whole of the UK. The Directory should be an invaluable resource to housing associations, local government, health authorities, charities and social researchers. This article reviews the role of research in housing organisations, emphasising the need for research to be translated into practice, finding effective ways to promote it and facilitating future debate across the whole of the housing and care sector.

To map the context of HIV in closed settings in Papua New Guinea (PNG), semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 56 prisoners and detainees and 60 key stakeholders. The nature of HIV-related risk differs for detained women and men, and reflects important gender-based issues present in PNG society more broadly. Women in detention are vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation and at greatest risk of HIV while detained in police holding cells, where they are typically supervised by male officers, in contrast to prisons, where they have little contact with male staff. HIV risk for men in prison is associated with consensual and non-consensual sex; this risk is perpetuated by a pervasive culture of denial and institutionalised homophobia. The illegal nature of sodomy and male-to-male sex provides Correctional Services the legal grounds by which to refuse access to condoms for prisoners. Addressing HIV risk among detained men and women in PNG requires the reform of legislation, police and prison practices and an understanding of broader structural problems of gender-based violence and stigma and discrimination.

With the current global focus on strengthening HIV prevention through greater testing and treatment uptake, it is increasingly salient to identify and address barriers to testing. A review of the published, peer-reviewed literature and national reports from Australia, Canada, and the UK (2003-2013) on barriers to HIV testing was conducted to provide new information relevant to Australia and to complement earlier reviews from Canada and the UK. A systematic database search using keywords and a set of inclusion criteria yielded 36 studies (Australia = 13; Canada = 6; and the UK = 17). In addition 17 unpublished reports were included in the review. Our study uses a novel, comprehensive framework to describe barriers to HIV testing, and thus contributes to moving beyond the traditional patient-provider-system categorization. Within that framework, barriers are categorized as either intrapersonal (reported in 15 studies), interpersonal (21), or extrapersonal (16) and conceptualized within wider sociocultural and structural contexts. People's abilities and motivations to test (intrapersonal factors) are influenced by a host of interconnected factors spanning relationship (interpersonal) and broader socioeconomic, political and cultural (extrapersonal) factors. We suggest that the relative effects of interventions targeting barriers to HIV testing at the intrapersonal and interpersonal levels are limited by the extent to which the social determinants of health are addressed. The framework may also lend itself to thinking about the enabling factors for HIV testing, and future research may investigate the application of that framework for strategizing the most effective response. Future studies should also capture the lived experiences of barriers to HIV testing experienced by patients, especially in populations which are hard to reach based on social and geographic distance. Context-specific studies to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of various interventions proposed in the literature to address barriers to HIV testing are needed.