Suchergebnisse

ABSTRACT
After 25 years of the practice of World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement, the system's ability to continue performing that function has been significantly hampered as a result of the lack of a consensus among WTO Members to (re)appoint Appellate Body Members, resulting in the Appellate Body being defunct as of December 2019. This brief contribution reflects on the various narratives of the causes of the current state of WTO dispute settlement and comments on the role of the Appellate Body. It concludes that no sole responsibility for the current deadlock can be attributed to the Appellate Body. Undoubtedly, the Appellate Body could have decided differently on certain questions. However, asking whether or how the Appellate Body dug its own grave fails to acknowledge the role of WTO Members, collectively and individually, in preserving binding, compulsory WTO dispute settlement providing for appellate review.

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the importance of having several entry points into the field, via gatekeepers who do not belong to law enforcement agencies, in contexts where the police cannot be defined as trustworthy.Design/methodology/approachThe argumentation of this paper is based on qualitative research on women and gangs in Honduras. An ethnographical methodology was implemented, which included over a year of observations, 65 interviews and two focus groups in gang-controlled communities and detention centers in Central America (with a focus on Honduras), between 2017 and 2020. The paper implements a feminist reflexive approach, focusing on patriarchy, positionality and silence.FindingsCollaborating with the police as gatekeepers in gang research needs to be reevaluated. In countries such as Honduras, the police are riddled with corruption and impunity, which eventually leads to mistrust among gang members and other citizens. Hence, it is recommended to approach other, non-law enforcement, gatekeepers, who often stand much closer to the gangs and have a less conflicted or biased position toward them and toward other people living in gang areas.Research limitations/implicationsA feminist reflexive approach is recommended for researching women and gangs, and thus also for choosing the right gatekeepers in the field, taking into account researchers' and gatekeepers' positionality.Originality/valuePolice corruption in relation to gangs and gang-related crimes often goes unreported and silences people living in gang-controlled areas. This paper exposes these conflicted roles, not only regarding police abusevis-à-visgangs and people living in gang areas but also in relation to gang researchers in the field.

Sample chapter (introduction) is attached in Open Access ; By renewing the dialogue with anthropology, this book invites the history of science to be refounded on other, more humanistic bases. Il y a une centaine d'années, des voix s'élevèrent contre une conception mécaniste des sciences et du monde qu'elles jugeaient responsable d'un déclin de la culture occidentale et d'une remise en cause radicale de la science et de la rationalité . Refusant ce diagnostic, des scientifiques, des philosophes et des historiens se mobilisèrent, peu avant la Première Guerre mondiale, pour lancer une vaste entreprise de réflexion sur les sciences. Leur démarche visait non pas à rejeter ces dernières mais à sonder les origines intellectuelles du naturalisme pour y chercher les ressources d'une commune humanité sur la base d'une forme spécifique de rationalité . L'histoire des sciences comme discipline professionnelle est née au début du xxe siècle dans le contexte de ces propositions et de ces interrogations. ; Introduction. Les sciences, un oubli de la nature ? Chapitre I. (Re-) Commencements Chapitre II. Les vexations de la nature. Vers une orthopraxie ? Chapitre III. L'opacité du monde : le palimpseste naturaliste Chapitre IV. Nature vive, nature morte : l'œil naturaliste Chapitre V. Écologies absolutistes : écomomies morales et politiques de la nature Chapitre VI. Globaliser la seconde nature ? Les archipels incertains du naturalisme Épilogue. La fin d'un ancien régime naturaliste Index

This paper discusses the tension between ethics in theory and ethics in practice, along the continuum of overt and covert field research. I argue that complete overt research is not only unfeasible, but can even be dangerous or harmful to the people we research and the researcher. Within this discussion it can be stated that the formal standardized requirements of the ethics committees actually undermine our ability to act ethically. For this reason, I argue that there is a need to focus on a virtues based approach and reflective stance regarding ethics in the field. I use the case of Honduras, where I conducted field research on the role of women and gangs, to discuss this argument. High levels of insecurity in Honduras create a context of fear which prescribes certain rules of engagement with the wider political economy of violence, and specifically on community interactions with gangs (Hume 2009a; Wilding 2012). My research shows that there is a silent agreement among the people living in neighborhoods with gang presence not to engage in gang-related discussions. Local organizations also prescribe a strict code of conduct in the field, which prohibits the use of crime, violence and other related concepts. This raises key practical and ethical questions for researchers, not least – how do we research that which is silenced? The aim of the paper is to critically discuss the relation between university ethics processes – ethics 'in theory' – and street ethics or ethics 'in practice', when conducting (participatory) observation in urban neighborhoods and prisons in Honduras.