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Abstract
What should be taken into account when language policies are developed? It is rarely the case that when language policies are developed, the focus is on issues outside of 'language'. However, when issues of language are experienced in certain societies as a "cumulative disadvantage" (Piller 2016) together with other forms of domination, normative conceptualisations of language policy seem inadequate. The notion of 'inhabitance' is a generative lens through which to illustrate this. In the South African university space, since the #MustFall protests, the question of 'inhabitance' has taken centre stage in issues of curriculum and access. Through the act of throwing poo on the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, the #MustFall protests have firmly put on the agenda the need for universities to reflect upon itself, and to ask whose knowledges, bodies, histories and lifeworlds it legitimizes, and therefore, its complicity in maintaining coloniality. This has led to a wider call to decolonize universities. However, while the notion of 'inhabitance' has been central to the #MustFall protests, it has not been considered from the position of language and language policy. This paper reflects on institution-wide language policy conversations at a South African university arguing to shift attention from the orientations we take to language in language policy, to how policies "orient" (Ahmed 2007) bodies in university spaces. This paper seeks to add to the conversation in the South African Higher Education space in anticipation of the implementation of the new Language Policy for Higher Education (2020).

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with a high-level overview of the key messages of each of the four King Reports on Corporate Governance for South Africa, published during the period from 1994 to 2017, with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach. While confirming the constant themes and messages, it also highlights the unique features and attributes of each of these reports.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on a review and comparison of the four King Reports of Corporate Governance for South Africa with a particular focus on the stakeholder-inclusive approach.


Findings
The key findings of this paper are: the concept of "stakeholder inclusivity" is a common theme across all four the King Reports forming part of the review while, at the same time, having a unique flavour in each of the reports and visibly developing over the years. The reliance on human intervention and ethical leaders to appropriately and effectively steer the stakeholder-inclusive approach is obvious. In the absence of this, no corporate governance code will provide adequate safeguards to stakeholders against corporate failures and disasters, whether in South Africa or anywhere else.


Originality/value
This paper is a part of a special issue which looks at the contribution of the King Reports to governance globally.

This historic-critical study analyses the development of ecumenism from 1990 to 2020 within the traditional Afrikaans speaking reformed churches in South Africa. The study attempts to determine whether the so-called change or shift in ecumenism within reformed churches and ecumenical bodies worldwide, influenced the theology and practice of ecumenism in Afrikaans-speaking churches in South Africa (1990 to 2020). Afrikaans-speaking reformed churches not only face political and social challenges in South Africa, but also face other major challenges brought about by a postmodern society and theological developments from 1990 to 2020. The development of ecumenism in reformed churches in the world, as described by Plaatjies-Van Huffel (2011:1–11) consists of a shift from conciliar ecumenism to transformative receptive ecumenism. In the past 30 years conciliar ecumenism took its stance in absolute certainties derived from a specific viewpoint on Scripture. Conciliar ecumenism partially failed because some reformed churches excluded other reformed churches from church unity, based on a particular interpretation of Scripture. These exclusions were claimed to be based upon the "authority" derived from Scripture. This ecumenical practice did not lead to significant church unity. The transformative receptive ecumenism, on the other hand, tends to reach out to the marginalised people of God, and not only try to transform the unrighteousness in the lives of people, but also tends to learn from and accommodate the needy in the understanding of ecumenism. If the developments in worldwide ecumenism influenced ecumenical thought among reformed Afrikaans-speaking churches, the question arises: to what extent was transformative receptive ecumenism able to contribute to a better understanding of ecumenism and church unity – especially in the development of an African transformative receptive ecumenism. Also, if a shift in ecumenical practise took place, does that mean that the conciliar ecumenism of the past was of minimal ...

This paper is concerned with the development of the full person, i.e. meaningful participation of the individual in the economic and political processes and the acquisition of a sense of self-respect, confidence and responsibility. Malnutrition is la.rgely a social problem in the sense that it occurs under adverse social conditions such as poverty and disrupted family life. As a social problem it can best be solved under conditions of sound development in all the abovementioned respects. Since underdevelopment and malnutrition in South Africa occur mainly among Blacks, malnutrition is a basic aspect of the problem of race relations in South Africa, i.e. a problem that stands squarely in South African politics. Individuals such as doctors, health officers and social workers and organisations concerned with development and nutrition, are therefore involved in the basic political issues of the country. It is my plea that, while they should avoid partisan, emotional involvement, they should not shy away from their democratic responsibility to express themselves on basic political issues that affect development and nutrition.S. Afr. Med. J., 48, 1669 (1974)

Modern civilizations have evolved to be highly dependent on electrical energy. The exponentially growing renewables market has signaled transitions in electricity sectors that have traditionally been dominated by fossil fuel electricity. Various theoretical debates have recently emerged surrounding the processes of socio-technical transition, focusing on the pathways of transition, the levers for radical change and path-dependencies within these systems. The Multi-Level Perspective on Socio-technical Transitions is one such theory. This perspective views socio-technical change as a factor of interdependent shifts between three analytical levels observed within the system: the socio-technical regime, the socio-technical niche and the landscape. In accordance with this theory, radical change is generally observed as originating at niche level. Irregularities within the dominant regime and landscape pressures allow for niche innovations to break through into the dominant regime in processes of socio-technical transition. Toward understanding actor influences on energy transitions, considerable attention has been paid to actor's impact on governance processes through: patterns of consumption, the shaping of legislation and technical innovations, by socio-technical transitions theories. However less attention has been paid to the ways in which actors in renewable electricity markets are: forming networks toward the establishment of new regimes and governing processes at niche level, and consequently how actor governance has impacted the established perceptions and available pathways for realizing electric security. This thesis, builds on the Multi-Level Perspective, through an exploration of how actors govern socio-technical systems at niche level, paying careful attention to the modalities of power giving and power taking that allow for the development of networks of people and things toward the stabilization of novel socio-technical practices, innovations and developmental trajectories. It does this through a networked analysis of how different actors with different interests cooperate to open up innovative social and technological pathways.

This dissertation explores the penalty regime provided for in the Tax Administration Act, No 28 of 2011 ('the Admin Act'), and implementation thereof in certain circumstances and behaviour on the part of the taxpayer. Even though the Admin Act has been in force for some years already, it remains necessary and relevant to explore the penalty regime that is operative to understand and confirm the scope and application thereof in various circumstances. As one discusses the different types of penalties chargeable in terms of the Admin Act it becomes evident how sternly it can be applied. Furthermore, the dissertation investigates how burdensome the regime can be and what remittance regime is available to taxpayers if they are penalised. This dissertation attempts to define what the objects of the Admin Act's penalty regime are, and to determine whether these objectives are being achieved with the application of the penalty regime that is currently operative in the Admin Act. It also considers whether the identified objects of the Admin Act's penalty regime accord with the doctrine of punishment. It is imperative that legislation is aligned with the objective of the penalty regime as misalignment will prejudice taxpayers, whilst potentially derogating from the purpose that the legislation seeks to achieve. In this dissertation, the crux of the penalty regime is investigated and highlighted. It also endeavours to assess the powers entrenched in the Admin Act and the need for clarification on a few uncertainties. The findings of this research study have revealed that: • The enactment of the penal provisions in the Admin Act only partially achieves the philosophy of the doctrine of punishment and, • In instances where the penal provisions do achieve the objects of punishment, it appears that the application thereof is not consistently applied in practice. The penal levying system in the Admin Act has been an improvement on the past penalty provisions as is evident in Chapter 3. However, despite the more favourable and fair outcome achieved by the penal provisions in the Admin Act, the research concludes that more specific guidance and measures in respect of the application of the penal provisions are necessary. The behaviours listed in the understatement penalty percentage table are not defined and creates the need for further improvement. Though changes have been made since the implementation thereof it still requires further revisions. In respect of inconsistent application of the penal provisions in practice it is recommended that the administrators of the legislation be better equipped in respect of the application of the penal provisions or that the processes should be changed to address the misalignment of the application of the penal provisions.

This paper is concerned with the development of the full person, Le. meaningful participation of the individual in the economic and political processes and the acquisition of a sense of self-respect, confidence and responsibility. Malnutrition is largely a social problem in the sense that it occurs under adverse social conditions such as poverty and disrupted family life. As a social problem it can best be solved under conditions of sound development in all the abovementioned respects. Since underdevelopment and malnutrition in South Africa occur mainly among Blacks, malnutrition is a basic aspect of the problem of race relations in South Africa, i.e. a problem that stands squarely in South African politics. Individuals such as doctors, health officers and social workers and organisations concerned with development and nutrition, are therefore involved in the basic political issues of the country. It is my plea that, while they should avoid partisan, emotional involvement, they should not shy away from their democratic responsibility to express themselves on basic political issues that affect development and nutrition.S. Afr. Med. J., 48, 1669 (1974)

This thesis, submitted as part of an M.A in Creative Writing, takes the form of a novel set in a small coastal town outside Cape Town and follows the life of Johanna, a maid to a pastor's family in the early 90s. At the centre of the novel is the relationship between Johanna and a first-person child narrator. Johanna arrives and sets out to undermine the household and social order with increasingly bold acts of violence. She is abusive but despite the sporadic abuse the narrator and Johanna develop an odd friendship. Her past is revealed in late night confidences (a paraplegic mother, a white employer who she identifies as family and a stint in a squatter camp where she loses her ID). Near the beginning of the novel the child and Johanna embark on a quest to obtain her birth certificate from her old employer (needed for a new ID). The journey is unsuccessful but signals the start of a kind of sympathy between the two protagonists (with insight by the narrator into Johanna's past). Johanna finds a kind of belonging in the neighbourhood and with the narrator's family, particularly with the neighbourhood children. She is like a child herself and they become a neighbourhood pack roving the streets on bicycle. But Johanna has periodic rages, throwing bricks or abusing pets and comes to focus her ire on the youngest member of the family, the narrator's youngest brother. When political forces at large come into play (as well as an increased sense of danger), the adults set out to anglicize the family in a half-baked attempt to emigrate. The children are sent to English schools and Johanna, sensing her loosening grip on the family ramps up her reign of terror. She recruits the narrator in a plot against her brother, a prank only half comprehended that she consents to in order to placate Johanna. When the time comes, they dress up as "bergies", capitalising on the paranoia of the time. They ambush her brother and what (at least for the narrator) was a game turns into a horrifying dismemberment of her brother. Johanna disappears for weeks but returns for one final confrontation outside the pastorie. After this Johanna disappears permanently from the life of the narrator and her family, and her brother is patched up with little visible impairment. Soon afterwards the family moves to a security complex, an island of safety in the crime-ridden reality of South Africa that recalls their European dream. Years later the narrator interrogates this suppressed chapter and longs for the Johanna of her childhood in relief to the cultural anonymity that has become her life. Constructed in episodes that succeed each other spatially rather than chronologically the novel seeks to reconstruct the childhood landscape while building obliquely to a tragic climax. The style is lyrical, referencing magical realism and could be read as an effort in prose poetry with paragraphs operating as lyrical units. Of interest to the story are themes of cultural and physical homelessness as well as language itself as it relates to a stable cultural identity.