Suchergebnisse

4 topics are investigated: (1) the sci'fic approach to public bur'cy in Belgium-a critique is made of judicial & comparative-instit'al approaches to the pol'al-admin'ive system & the gov'al process & of the application of unchecked management principles & techniques borrowed from diff ecological systems. The dysfunctional effects on action are demonstrated. However, a new trend is emerging which consists of sociol'ly oriented res & inter-disciplinary action-res re the acquisition & wielding of power. (2) The Belgian setting is analyzed & an attempt is made to integrate it into G. A. Almond's typology of pol'al systems & pol'al cultures. The need is felt for a more penetrating empirical sociol of the polity as a basis for theorybuilding. (3) The goals of the gov'al system-in a growing welfare state the roles of politicians & of public bur'crats are changing. The importance of the latter is growing in the decision-making process. There is a problem of structure & of control & one of participation re the wielding of power. The hypothesis for the Belgian situation is that change & innovation grow out of conflictual confluence in the action of 3 interrelated poles: pol'al subcultures, interest groups & bur'cy, each with its own set of values. (4) Public servants & pol-although they are participants in a formal merit-bur'cy, their politization is spreading because of their growing importance in the decisionmaking process & their key position in the struggle for power between pol'al subcultures & interest groups. Through professionalization & soc'ization in the subsystems, they are participating in & are clients of the pol'al system. With regard to politization, the hypothesis is formulated that the greater the degree of participation of public servants in diff groups, the greater the possibility of deviant values & behavior. Modified AA.

The concern is with how the soc & econ structure of cities affects the degree of pol'al competition & how these factors in turn affect the degree of pol'al stability. Data derive from a comparative empirical study of the outcomes of the communal elections of 1952, 1958, & 1964, in 147 Belgian cities with a pop size of 10,000 or more in 1947. The following generalizations are noted: A general proliferation of election lists or parties participating in the elections from 1952 to 1964; a trend from 1-party control over the electoral college of thc city council toward coalition control; a net increase in the number of Catholic lists & a net decrease in the number of socialist & liberal lists participating; & an increase in the number of cities in which newer, smaller & non-traditional parties or lists participated in the electoral college of the city council. 3 measures of pol'al competition were used: (1) the average number of parties or lists that entered the communal elections of 1952, 1958 & 1964; (2) the average number of lists that received at least 10% of the vote in these 3 elections: & (3) the presence or absence of a coalition on the electoral college of the city council in 1952. 2 measures of pol'al stability were employed: (a) the degree of stability in the lists & parties participating, & (b) the degree of stability in the list or party controlling the electoral college of the city council. In general, measures of structural diff'iation, linguistic diversity, industr diversity, & soc heterogeneity (ie, the presence of a large Mc) are found to be positively related to the degree of competition in local pol. In turn, measures of each of these structural factors & measures of pol'al competition are negatively related to measures of pol'al stability. Regression analysis supports the interpretation that diversity & heterogeneity in the soc structure of cities--specifically, pop size, density, & the presence of many persons with high occup'al status--contribute to greater pol'al competition in local pol; but it was the degree of pol'al competition that most strongly affected the degree of pol'al stability. It is concluded that cities with a high degree of soc & econ heterogeneity have a greater amount of conflict & cleavage. This results in greater competition in the pol'al arena. 16 Tables. M. Maxfield.