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Studies find that psychological distress is common after disasters and that women experience more stress than do men. These studies have relied mainly on cross-sectional data, sometimes using case matching and respondent recall to infer causality. They have not directly assessed whether disasters cause psychological distress. Using data from a survey of two representative samples of community residents—one before the hurricane and one shortly afterwards—, I assess whether levels of well-being changed within the same community and if women and men were differentially impacted in this natural quasi-experiment. I find that levels of social support and the sense of purpose to one's life did decrease on average after the hurricane, although the sense of control did not. While women's well-being decreased on average after the hurricane, men's perceptions of social support and sense of having a purpose to their lives increased. Differential impacts on women were not explained by gender differences in social roles or socioeconomic status.

Recent research reveals that the mobilization, leadership patterns, and strategies of social movements are organized by gender in previously unrecognized ways. Scholars have had less to say about the consequences of social movements for the reconstruction of gender relations in American society. Using data from two women's self-help movements, we outline a framework for analyzing the impact of social movements on the transformation of gender. Drawing from Judith Lorber's concept of gender as a social institution, our analysis demonstrates that women's self-help movements disrupt gender practices, deconstruct gendered hierarchy, and dismantle gendered structures. Our comparative study illustrates that in order fully to understand the impact of social movements on the gender order, we must look for evidence of changes in the process, stratification system, and structure of gender. We conclude by arguing that the postpartum support group and breast cancer movements highlight the significance of social movements as collective actors involved in the reconstruction of gender.

Draws on organization- & individual-level quantitative & qualitative data collected 1985-1995 from two women's self-help movements to outline a framework for analyzing the impact of social movements on the transformation of gender. Using Judith Lorber's (1994) concept of gender as a social institution, it is demonstrated that women's self-help movements disrupt gender practices, deconstruct gendered hierarchy, & dismantle gendered structures. The postpartum support & breast cancer movements are concluded to highlight the significance of social movements as collective actors involved in the reconstruction of gender. 149 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractINTRODUCTION: Previous studies have identified a number of demographic characteristics (e.g., age, income, level of education, household composition, and race or ethnicity) that affect hurricane evacuation. However, the magnitude and direction of these associations vary widely, even when the area of landfall or the intensity of the storm is similar. We propose that the associations of demographic characteristics and hurricane evacuation are modified by psychosocial factors such as social cohesion, social capital, and social control. Additional variability may be the result of the changing prevalence of these demographic variables over time or between study locations. METHODS: Ninety census blocks in three eastern North Carolina counties affected by Hurricane Isabel were selected probability proportionate to population and seven interviews were conducted at random locations within each of the selected blocks. Risk differences (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were produced for stratified data to test for heterogeneity. RESULTS: There was statistical evidence of effect measure modification on the additive scale of the effect of home type, homeownership, age, race, gender, marital status, and having children under age 18 living at home on hurricane evacuation based on Wald p‐values of the interaction terms of ≤ 0.20 and strata‐specific RDs which crossed the null value. Social cohesion, volunteerism, property preparation, church attendance, neighbor's evacuation, and the number of local friends and family modified the RDs for the demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between demographic characteristics and hurricane evacuation failure are modified by social factors. Effect measure modification on the additive scale may help explain the inconsistency of previously published results and is the appropriate measure for targeted interventions that can increase evacuation among certain groups that are missed when average risks are calculated across the population.