Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Across seven studies (N = 9,028), we provide evidence that quantity requests, wherein people consider multiple choice options of how much to donate (e.g., $5, $10, or $15), increase contributions compared to open-ended requests. Specifically, quantity requests encourage greater donations (study 1), even when respondents can passively choose not to donate (study 2) and even when the donation is directed toward a less popular cause (study 3). This increase in donations holds for quantity requests that start with both lower (e.g., $1) or higher (e.g., $10) donation amount options (study 4). Quantity requests also outperform other requests with multiple nonquantity donation options (e.g., multiple options of when to donate or to which charity branch to direct a donation; study 5). We offer evidence that quantity requests are effective because they simplify donation decisions by communicating normative donation magnitudes (studies 6 and 7). This clarified norm of donation magnitude boosts donation rates, which in turn leads to greater total donations. Our findings offer new conceptual insights into how quantity requests increase contributions as well as practical implications for charitable organizations to optimize contributions by leveraging the use of quantity requests.

Purpose: To determine whether different financial incentives are effective in promoting weight loss among prediabetic Medicaid recipients. Design: Four-group, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Setting and Participants: Medicaid managed care enrollees residing in New York, aged 18 to 64 years, and diagnosed as prediabetic or high risk for diabetes (N = 703). Intervention: In a 16-week program, participants were randomly assigned to one of 4 arms: (1) control (no incentives), (2) process incentives for attending weekly Diabetes Prevention Program sessions, (3) outcome incentives for achieving weekly weight loss goals, and (4) combined process and outcome incentives. Measures: Weight loss over a 16-week period; proportion who completed educational sessions; proportion who met weight loss goals. Analysis and Results: No intervention arm achieved greater reduction in weight than control (outcome incentive −6.6 lb [−9.1 to −4.1 lb], process incentive −7.3 lb [−9.5 to −5.1 lb], combined incentive −5.8 lb [−8.8 to −2.8 lb], control −7.9 lb [−11.1 to −4.7 lb]; all P > .29). Session attendance in the process incentive arm (50%) was significantly higher than control (31%; P < .0001) and combined incentive arms (28%; P < .0001), but not significantly higher than the outcome incentive arm (38%). Conclusion: Process incentives increased session attendance, but when combined at half strength with outcome incentives did not achieve that effect. There were no significant effects of either process or outcomes incentives on weight loss.

Purpose:To identify whether financial incentives promote improved disease management in Medicaid recipients diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes, respectively.Design:Four-group, multicenter, randomized clinical trials.Setting and Participants:Between 2013 and 2016, New York State Medicaid managed care members diagnosed with hypertension (N = 920) or with diabetes (N = 959).Intervention:Participants in each 6-month trial were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms: (1) process incentives—earned by attending primary care visits and/or receiving prescription medication refills, (2) outcome incentives—earned by reducing systolic blood pressure (hypertension) or hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c; diabetes) levels, (3) combined process and outcome incentives, and (4) control (no incentives).Measures:Systolic blood pressure (hypertension) and HbA1c(diabetes) levels, primary care visits, and medication prescription refills.Analysis and Results:At 6 months, there were no statistically significant differences between intervention arms and the control arm in the change in systolic blood pressure, P = .531. Similarly, there were no significant differences in blood glucose control (HbA1c) between the intervention arms and control after 6 months, P = .939. The majority of participants had acceptable systolic blood pressure (<140 mm Hg) or blood glucose (<8.0%) levels at baseline and throughout the study.Conclusion:Financial incentives—regardless of whether they were delivered based on disease-relevant outcomes, process activities, or a combination of the two—have a negligible impact on health outcomes for Medicaid recipients diagnosed with either hypertension or diabetes in 2 studies in which, among other design and operational limitations, the majority of recipients had relatively well-controlled diseases at the time of enrollment.