Suchergebnisse

"Abstract: Other than the already renowned 25 tabulae ceratae discovered at Alburnus Maior, the province of Dacia has also yielded numerous monumental or minor inscriptions, including both basic, as well as more informative graffiti. In the legionary fortress of Potaissa, besides numerous monumental inscriptions, eight tegulae scriptae, as well as a few ownership marks, the presence of other written documents can be deduced both from the existence of certain specialized personnel and especially from the presence of writing implements dispersed in the commandment building, the military baths and the soldiers' barracks. Thus, even though papyri, parchments or waxed tablets have not been preserved due to their perishable material, their use in the legionary fortress could be indirectly attested by the discovery of eight styli, two inkwells, three rulers, four seal boxes and six lead seals.

Keywords: instrumenta scriptoria, styli, inkwells, litterati milites, Potaissa.

Rezumat: Pe lângă deja bine cunoscutele 25 de tabulae ceratae descoperite la Alburnus Maior, în provincia Dacia s-au descoperit și numeroase inscripții monumentale sau minore, ce redau atât cuvinte simple, cât și texte mai informative. În castrul legionar de la Potaissa, pe lângă numeroase inscripții monumentale, opt tegulae scriptae și câteva mărci de proprietar, prezența altor documente scrise poate fi dedusă din existența personalului specializat în scris și mai ales din prezența instrumentelor de scris găsite în clădirea comandamentului, în băile militare și în barăcile soldaților. Astfel, chiar dacă fragmente de papirus, de pergament sau tăblițe cerate nu au fost descoperite, datorită materialelor perisabile din care erau făcute, utilizarea lor în fortificația legionară poate fi dedusă indirect prin descoperirea a opt styli, două călimări, trei liniare, patru capsule de sigilii și șase sigilii de plumb.

Cuvinte cheie: instrumenta scriptoria, styli, călimări, litterati milites, Potaissa
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BACKGROUND Neurological disorders account for a large and increasing health burden worldwide, as shown in the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2016. Unpacking how this burden varies regionally and nationally is important to inform public health policy and prevention strategies. The population in the EU is older than that of the WHO European region (western, central, and eastern Europe) and even older than the global population, suggesting that it might be particularly vulnerable to an increasing burden of age-related neurological disorders. We aimed to compare the burden of neurological disorders in the EU between 1990 and 2017 with those of the WHO European region and worldwide. METHODS The burden of neurological disorders was calculated for the year 2017 as incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost, and years lived with disability for the countries in the EU and the WHO European region, totally and, separately. Diseases analysed were Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, epilepsy, headache (migraine and tension-type headache), multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, brain cancer, motor neuron diseases, neuroinfectious diseases, and stroke. Data are presented as totals and by sex, age, year, location and socio-demographic context, and shown as counts and rates. FINDINGS In 2017, the total number of DALYs attributable to neurological disorders was 21·0 million (95% uncertainty interval 18·5-23·9) in the EU and 41·1 million (36·7-45·9) in the WHO European region, and the total number of deaths was 1·1 million (1·09-1·14) in the EU and 1·97 million (1·95-2·01) in the WHO European region. In the EU, neurological disorders ranked third after cardiovascular diseases and cancers representing 13·3% (10·3-17·1) of total DALYs and 19·5% (18·0-21·3) of total deaths. Stroke, dementias, and headache were the three commonest causes of DALYs in the EU. Stroke was also the leading cause of DALYs in the WHO European region. During the study period we found a substantial increase in the all-age burden of neurodegenerative diseases, despite a substantial decrease in the rates of stroke and infections. The burden of neurological disorders in Europe was higher in men than in women, peaked in individuals aged 80-84 years, and varied substantially with WHO European region and country. All-age DALYs, deaths, and prevalence of neurological disorders increased in all-age measures, but decreased when using age-standardised measures in all but three countries (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). The decrease was mostly attributed to the reduction of premature mortality despite an overall increase in the number of DALYs. INTERPRETATION Neurological disorders are the third most common cause of disability and premature death in the EU and their prevalence and burden will likely increase with the progressive ageing of the European population. Greater attention to neurological diseases must be paid by health authorities for prevention and care. The data presented here suggest different priorities for health service development and resource allocation in different countries. FUNDING European Academy of Neurology.