Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona
Access to detailed comparisons in air quality variations encountered when commuting through a city offers the urban traveller more informed choice on how to minimise personal exposure to inhalable pollutants. In this study we report on an experiment designed to compare atmospheric contaminants inhaled during bus, subway train, tram and walking journeys through the city of Barcelona. Average number concentrations of particles 10-300 nm in size, N, are lowest in the commute using subway trains (N5.0×104cm-3), with extreme transient peaks at busy traffic crossings commonly exceeding 1.0×105cm-3 and accompanied by peaks in Black Carbon and CO. Subway particles are coarser (mode 90nm) than in buses, trams or outdoors (1200ppm in crowded buses and trains. There are also striking differences in inhalable particle chemistry depending on the route chosen, ranging from aluminosiliceous at roadsides and near pavement works, ferruginous with enhanced Mn, Co, Zn, Sr and Ba in the subway environment, and higher levels of Sb and Cu inside the bus. We graphically display such chemical variations using a ternary diagram to emphasise how "air quality" in the city involves a consideration of both physical and chemical parameters, and is not simply a question of measuring particle number or mass. © 2015 The Authors. ; This work was supported by the ACS Foundation contributing to the dissemination of good environmental practices and environmental protection activities, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds within the I+D Project CGL2012-33066 (METRO), and the IMPROVE LIFE project ( LIFE13 ENV/ES/000263 ). VM and ASF acknowledge funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme ( FP7/2007-2013 ) for a Marie Curie ITN (Grant agreement no. 315760 HEXACOMM ). Additional funding from AXA Research Fund is acknowledged. Fulvio Amato is beneficiary of the Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral Grant ( JCI-2012-13473 ) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Appendix A ; Peer reviewed