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Abstract
Fifty years ago, Schumacher in his celebrated book, Small Is Beautiful, argued that the Western model of mass production, which relies on high-cost, capital-intensive, and labor-saving technology, was not suitable for developing countries to improve their economic conditions and living standards. Instead, Schumacher proposed an alternative path of development that emphasized low-cost, small-scale, and labor-intensive technology. Considering persistent unemployment in developing countries, Schumacher's model of alternative development remains relevant for the vast majority of their people. However, he failed to include women in his model and held traditional views on gender roles. His understanding of the economic role of women did not align with the women's movements, which sought equal access to education and employment. By using a case study of India, this article argues that it is often poor women who are the "agents" of Small Is Beautiful. Through low-cost small businesses, they are uplifting themselves and their families out of poverty and contributing to society's well-being.

A high level of educational and occupational achievements in science and engineering (S&E) in the US has changed the image of Asian Americans from the "yellow peril" to a "model minority." Behind this new identity is the belief that Asian Americans as a group have equaled, if not surpassed, the standards of success set by White America in S&E. It is further assumed that Asian American women are advancing equally in S&E. The reality is that they are over-represented as Asian Americans but under-represented as women in S&E occupations. They experience challenges associated with both, their ethnicity and gender. They face "double bind"—a term used for women of color who simultaneously experience sexism and racism in S&E. This paper presents Asian American women's unique situations within S&E organizations, with a particular focus on high-technology industry, where most of them are employed. It focuses on their identities and socio-cultural categorizations.

Foreign-born scientists and engineers are increasingly present in technology companies in the United States. Some of them are immigrants, that is, aliens admitted to the US for lawful permanent residence; others are non-immigrants, that is, aliens admitted to the US for a specific period of time for temporary work. Whether immigrant or non-immigrant, an overwhelming majority of foreign-born scientists and engineers enter the US technology sector through one single H-1B visa program. Using a case study of Indian engineers, this article shows different sub-paths of the H-1B visa program, which leads to significant differences in their immigration, work, and socio-economic experiences. The article is based on the secondary sources and 40 in-depth interviews conducted with Indian engineers working in US technology companies.

Increasingly, industrial leaders, governmental officials, and academic scholars have become concerned whether the United States can successfully compete in science and engineering (S&E) fields. This is when employment in S&E jobs has grown faster than employment in all occupations in the United States. It is proposed that the United States has not been able to build its S&E human capital necessary for technological innovations and economic growth. Women and minorities are seen as essential to fill the perceived gap. There is a higher representation of women in S&E education and occupations. Yet overall demographics of S&E fields have remained unchanged. The U.S. technology industry has been progressively employing workers from foreign countries to meet their S&E internal workforce needs. Many have been outsourcing the work to developing countries, namely China and India. This article shows that technology companies that embrace the United States's changing demographics would gain the economic benefits from a diverse S&E workforce.

AbstractIn the past, large multinational corporations led entrepreneurial activities in the technology sector, creating value and stimulating growth by bringing new ideas to market. Further, they were in charge of the growth internationally. In the last two decades, however, immigrants have increased their percentage in starting technology companies in the United States, as well as investing in technology companies, building business partnerships, allocating resources, exchanging information, and tapping technical expertise in their home countries. This paper presents a case study of Indian immigrants in the U.S. technology sector to demonstrate how entrepreneurialism is changing with transnational migration. Indian immigrants are actively contributing to an emergent global reality where the borders containing them in the field of technology are increasingly virtual, and beyond the control of any country.

With the intense debates over the extent to which foreign-born in the U.S. science and engineering (S&E) workplace displace U.S.-born, very few have focused on the work experience and professional activities of foreign-born in S&E. This article examines the extent to which India-born in the U.S. S&E workforce consider themselves professionally successful and/or facing institutional barriers, and their transnationalism between the United States and India. The article is primarily based on in-depth interviews conducted with different strata of scientists and engineers from India.

AbstractInternational migration cannot be viewed as a byproduct of globalization since people have been migrating for centuries. However, globalization has given rise to a new kind of immigration, where a growing variety of interconnected social activities are taking place among technical immigrants at a high speed irrespective of their geographical location. The advent of instant online communication and the ability to share discoveries, inventions, advances, documents, and pictures in real time, as well as safe, easy, and fast travel options have made the traditional notions of borders, immigration, and even assimilation obsolete. This paper looks at how the tenets of immigration under globalization seem to be becoming outmoded as scientific knowledge flows between India and the U.S. It is based on the review of literature on the subject and in-depth interviews conducted in 2002-2004 with 120 Indian scientists and engineers from both countries.

AbstractThis article focuses on the existence of the "glass ceiling" to upward career mobility experienced by Asian Americans in professional occupations. It questions the recent portrayal of Asian Americans as a "model minority" who have "made it" in America. Instead, it shows that despite their good record of achievement, Asian Americans do not reach a level at which they can participate in policy and decision-making responsibilities. This article builds on the emerging glass ceiling literature by Asian American scholars, while examining social/cultural complexities, peculiarities, and nuances in private companies, government agencies, and institutions of higher education.