Suchergebnisse

The authors present a paleoanthropological study of the necropolises from several 16 th—18 th century towns and villages in the western part of Russia. In this area and time period, the average life expectancy was very low. The lowest, 14.5 years, is observed in the population of the borderline fortress Blokhino-1 in Saransk County. The higher the infant mortality in the groups, the lower the average life expectancy. The infant mortality rate in different localities was different. The peak of infant mortality falls on 0—5 age group in all studied groups from the western part of Russia of the 16 th—18 th centuries. The representativeness of this cohort often depends on the mortality rate of children in the first year of life. The high mortality rate of young children was associated with a low level of medical development, lack of antibiotics, and sometimes with historical situations. Mortality in the first year of life, especially newborns, was the highest in the borderline fortress Blokhino-1 of Saransk County. The reason for such a dangerous demographic situation here was the historical purpose of the fortress and the task of the population to defend their homeland. Much less attention was paid to everything else. In general, the most prosperous demographic situation was in the village of Isupovo, Kostroma region, in the city of Kazan and on the territory of Nizhny Novgorod Posad near the Kremlin (necropolis on the Verkhnevolzhskaya embankment) in the 16th—18th centuries.

This paper introduces for scientific discussion the results of an archaeological
and anthropological study of materials from the rural necropolis of Tselykovka 2, left
by the population of the 14 th —15th centuries (the Principality of Yelets). This
necropolis was located near Yelets mentioned in the chronicle. Since the necropolis was
completely uncovered, the article presents the calculated boundaries and area of it, as
well as paleodemographic analysis. As a result of studying the stratigraphy of the
necropolis, the location of a small wooden church was determined. The article provides a
comparative analysis with rural medieval Russian cemeteries. One of the mysteries of the
necropolis, which was filled by 1 or 2 generations, were individuals with Mongoloid
features. In addition, the physical type of the rural population of the Yelets
Principality was reconstructed, which showed the heterogeneity of the group. Injuries of
domestic and military nature are described in detail.

The article presents the first results of the study of Sungir 1 endocranium by means of computed tomography. To obtain a 3D model and determine the volume of the individual's brain, a specialized DICOM viewer was used. On the endocranium, a number of grooves and convolutions were described, as well as the topography of the middle meningeal artery. Clearly seen is the reflection of the division of the telencephalon into frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. The lateral groove separating the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes is clearly visible, too. Some development of the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex, including the visual associative zone, is noted.

The article studies a Roman burial of a child with a large number of dogs, found in Deir El-Banat necropolis (Fayum, Egypt). The burial is unique not only for the Fayum oasis, but for the whole Egypt. More than 140 mummified dogs were found in the child's burial. The dogs were of different breeds and ages, mostly puppies. It is suggested that adult dogs and puppies, in particular, were specially raised and prepared to be buried with the child. Some dogs were made up of anatomically misplaced parts. The child was 8—9 years old at the time of death. For burial, he was dressed in a tunic, with his hands fixed and his head in a bag. The child, most likely, was ill with anemia and died from this disease.

The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the evolutionary stages of the natural environment of the Western Caspian region in the second half of the Holocene, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Bogomolny Sands 1 mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyses were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).

The article presents the results of a study of children's burials from a single mound near the village of Nekrylovo, Voronezh Oblast. It was revealed that children's burials stand out among adults by their planigraphic position and the placement of the lower parts of the vessels as the only item of grave goods. There is a relatively high percentage of infant mortality. Some single cases of pathologies and peculiarities of the skeletons are distinguished. In the diet of this population, according to isotopic analysis, plant foods predominated, meat food was not abundant. Moreover, children ate more meat than adults.

After Sikora et al. (2017) have shown that the children buried in a paired grave at Sungir were boys, the authors have decided to revise T. S. Surnina's reconstruction of Sungir 3. The article presents a new 3D computer reconstructions of Sungir 3 in the guise of a boy. In order to determine which soft covering thickness standards were used by T. S. Surnina when she was restoring the appearance of Sungir 3, the measurements of the head taken in the course of the 3D reconstruction (without hair and paraphernalia) are compared with the dimensions of the skull. The obtained information is important for the analysis of the dynamics of methodological techniques used in domestic anthropological reconstructions. The osteological study of the Sungir children shows a relatively high massiveness of the skeleton of the youngest child.

The article presents the results of research on the reconstruction of natural and climatic conditions and human adaptation to them. In order to identify the stages of the evolution of the natural environment of the forest-steppe zone (Kursk region) in the Middle Ages, buried sub-kurgan soils and bone remains in the Gochevo burial mound were analyzed. Spore-pollen, anthropological and isotope analyzes were carried out on soil and bone samples. Bioclimatic fluctuations of the natural environment were established based on the reconstruction of paleolandscapes (soils, vegetation) and associated changes in socio-cultural factors (changes in paleo-diet, anthropological characteristics).