Suchergebnisse

Among the features of the burial rite of many Bronze Age kurgan cultures in Eastern Europe, there is one interesting common feature, when the deceased is accompanied by the ritual remains of hoofed animals, which are archaeologically recorded in the form of skulls and the lower parts of the limbs. Following M. P. Gryaznov (1977), the term "animal's hide" or "stuffed animal" was assigned to these ritual objects, which were placed in burials to substitute the whole animals by the pars pro toto principle. In the Early Bronze Age, the main area of the use of ritual animals in the funerary ritual was the Lower Kuban region, where from a quarter to a third of the burials of the Novotitorovskaya and East-Azov Catacomb Grave cultures were accompanied by hides of small cattle. During the Middle Bronze Age, this burial practice significantly expanded its range and is found in all catacomb cultures of the Don basin and the steppe Ciscaucasia, with its greatest manifestation in the Seversky Donets basin. In the post-Catacomb period, the tradition of using of animal hides and stuffed animals in the funerary rite was preserved only in the Dnieper-Don Babino Culture. In the Late Bronze Age, this practice was unevenly represented in the Srubnaya cultural region, most massively in the Dnieper-Don region. Archaeological contexts, together with ethnographic, folklore and mythological analogies, allow us to interpret the ritual remains of ungulates as the animal–psychopomp that accompanied the soul of the deceased to the afterlife.

Official discourses of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia are discovered with formal analysis in the article. The official discourses were represented with presidents' web-sites. With the help of computer programs (Python language) the indicators of emotionality, direct and indirect intertextuality were calculated. The low emotionality and direct intertextuality are characteristic features of all three discourses. This underlines low intensity (or formality) of political interrelations. Average indicators of Kazakhstan and Russia discourses emotionality are (0,26; 0,24), for Belarus (0,39). These indicators are almost two times smaller, than in countries with more democratic regimes. Additionally, two types of authoritarian discourses are differentiated: more emotional and sporadic (Belarus) and less emotional stable (Kazakhstan, Russia). The positive correlation between the discourses of Kazakhstan and Russia (0,84) is discovered. Thus, similar periods of the discourses development are found: with more salient emotionality (before 2013) and unemotional period afterwards. For Belarus and Russia the periods with high indicators for indirect intertextuality (2012-2014, 2016-2017; and 2005-2010 – respectively) are discovered. The indicators' values are explained with political interrelations imitation. The big amount of political texts (more than a half, sometimes – 80-90%) are congratulations and commemorations of authoritative leaders towards political actors' form international community. The small period of such texts domination for Kazakhstan (2011-2012) is differentiated. Thus, the imitation of political interrelations with communication for Russia and Belarus is studied; however, this feature is not a characteristic one for Kazakhstan discourse. It's concluded that all three discourses have artificial character of political interrelations in official discourses, which can be discovered with clear templates usage for all the political texts.

The article considers some aspects of the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of public management of the quality of life of the population of the region. It is substantiated: human life is connected with the concepts of "needs" and "interests", because only by satisfying the needs embodied in conscious interests, an individual can achieve a certain level and quality of life. It is determined that the management of quality of life is due to the peculiarities of modernization processes, where the basis of development is a person, his intellectual, creative and physical potential. Modern society, as a "risk society" narrows the living space of the individual, acts as a catalyst for growing dissatisfaction with living conditions and uncertainty in the future, so preventing possible risks and creating safe living conditions is an integral component of quality of life. It is proved that the study of the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of public management of the quality of life of the region should be based on the concept of "system", the relative independence of quality of life from the region, and the fact that as a system of indicators is something greater than the set of results of its constituent elements and subsystems. The peculiarities of self-organization of the quality of life of the population of the region are considered, it is substantiated that in assessing the effectiveness of public administration to ensure the quality of life of the population, economic and social efficiency are taken into account. The general conclusion of the study is the relevance of using an indicative model of public administration with the foundation of the quality of life system, in particular the set of parameters: welfare; The "quality" of the population represented by the health care and education system; living conditions; social and environmental security; conditions for the diverse development of personality.

The purpose of the article is to formulate a hypothesis regarding the relationship and dynamic balance between normative and descriptive epistemology, which is established in the process of interpreting rational human behavior to create and accumulate congruent economic knowledge. In the face of growing complexity and uncertainty of the external environment, the role of critical thinking skills is increasing, which intensify the cognitive co-evolution of a person and environment by neutralizing evolutionarily formed cognitive dysfunctions. As an axiological nucleus it is proposed to use the theory of rational choice – the standard of human behavior, which contributes to the diffusion of complexity and uncertainty of the external environment. However, the presence of an axiological nucleus is a necessary but not sufficient condition, which allows it to be adequately integrated with the subject substrate. For this, one requires the relevant knowledge of those behavioral features that are presented by the epistemic periphery that dynamically changes and also permanently detects and fixes the properties and characteristics of the neural substrate, its phenomenology and behavioral characteristics. The knowledge being accumulated on the epistemic periphery of economic science allows adequately reloading the programs of the human mind to bring them into line with modern requirements for the cognitive abilities of economic agents, and also to create an internally holistic and consistent system of economic knowledge, which will take into account the complexity and multidimensional development of human-sized systems. The epistemic balance of normative and descriptive epistemology in the context of the interpretation of rational behavior may lie in a hypothesis that eliminates the dichotomy of normative and positive economic knowledge and is based on taking into account the structure of human cognitive processes, as well as the growing complexity and uncertainty of the external environment.