Resumo A eleição de Jair Bolsonaro no pleito eleitoral no Brasil em 2018 traz à cena política a reatualização de um discurso com elementos protofascistas. O presente artigo pretende contribuir para a análise deste discurso e as condições de sua materialidade a partir da posse presidencial, em janeiro de 2019. Pretende, ainda, analisar quais impactos este discurso, aliado a uma reforma legislativa e um avanço da bancada evangélica no Congresso Nacional, tem especificamente sobre as mulheres e a possibilidade de uma retirada de direitos, principalmente os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos.
La comunità scientifica internazionale è ormai concorde nell'attribuire gran parte della responsabilità per il riscaldamento globale alle emissioni antropogeniche di CO2, causate principalmente dalla combustione di carburanti fossili nei sistemi per la produzione di energia. Le scelte industriali e politiche in merito alle fonti primarie di energia sono guidate da considerazioni di carattere fondamentalmente economico, il che spiega come mai il carbone resti il combustibile più usato, pur essendo quello a maggior impatto ambientale, e quanto poco spazio abbiano le fonti energetiche alternative. La tesi si propone di studiare metodologie per la riduzione delle emissioni di CO2, limitatamente ai sistemi per la produzione di energia, fornendo indicatori sulle prestazioni degli impianti che integrano tre dimensioni del sistema: termodinamica, economica, ambientale. Dopo aver esaminato le caratteristiche degli approcci economici e regolamentatori, si concentra l'attenzione sui metodi più ingegneristici, per poi porre la necessità di un approccio multidimensionale alla tematica. Discussi ed esaminati gli strumenti metodologici più evoluti nell'analisi multioggetto, si propongono due metodologie originali, d'impostazione tecnica ed olistica, rispettivamente, con le quali si sviluppano funzioni aggregate per l'analisi dei sistemi energetici, applicate successivamente per confrontare due tipi di impianti.
In the context of the political and media confrontation of the last presidential elections of the United States of America, this research compares the impact and scope of the traditional media's political opinion (The New York Times and The Washington Post) against two digital native media (The Huffington Post and Politico.com), through the analysis of a total of 162 publishers and opinion pieces published in their respective digital spaces and social networks. The result shows that the digital native media analyzed do not threaten the leadership of the traditional media on the net, although the impact and scope of the publishers of both are low and it is observed the absence of a strategy and criterion when it is positioned on the net, where they do not manage to gain space, and also it is proved a little interest of the online readers in the political opinion. ; En el contexto del enfrentamiento político y mediático de las últimas elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de América, esta investigación compara el impacto y alcance de la opinión política de los medios tradicionales de referencia (The New York Times y The Washington Post), frente a dos medios nativos digitales (The Huffington Post y Politico.com), a través del análisis de un total de 162 editoriales y artículos de opinión publicados en sus respectivos espacios digitales y en las redes sociales. El resultado muestra que los medios nativos digitales analizados no amenazan el liderazgo de los medios tradicionales en la red, aunque el impacto y alcance de los editoriales de ambos es bajo y se observa la ausencia de una estrategia y criterio a la hora de posicionarse en la red, donde no consiguen ganar espacio, además de un escaso interés de los lectores online por la opinión política.
BACKGROUND: Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects domestic ruminants and humans. Culex flavivirus is an insect-specific flavivirus that naturally exists in field mosquito populations. The influence of Culex flavivirus on Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) vector competence of Culex pipiens has not been investigated. METHODS: Culex flavivirus infection in a Cx. pipiens colony was studied by Culex flavivirus oral feeding and intrathoracical inoculation. Similarly, vector competence of Cx. pipiens infected with Culex flavivirus was evaluated for RVFV. Infection, dissemination, transmission rates and transmission efficiency of Culex flavivirus-infected and non-infected Cx. pipiens artificially fed with RVFV infected blood were assessed. RESULTS: Culex flavivirus was able to infect Cx. pipiens after intrathoracically inoculation in Cx. pipiens mosquitos but not after Culex flavivirus oral feeding. Culex flavivirus did not affect RVFV infection, dissemination and transmission in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. RVFV could be detected from saliva of both the Culex flavivirus-positive and negative Cx. pipiens females without significant differences. Moreover, RVFV did not interfere with the Culex flavivirus infection in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS: Culex flavivirus infected and non-infected Cx. pipiens transmit RVFV. Culex flavivirus existing in field-collected Cx. pipiens populations does not affect their vector competence for RVFV. Culex flavivirus may not be an efficient tool for RVFV control in mosquitoes. ; This project was funded by the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya and the Spanish Government (grant no. MINECO AGL2013-47257-P). ; Sí
[ES] La infección por virus Zika (VZ) está afectando intensamente a los países latinoamericanos y se ha convertido en una nueva epidemia mediática. Su posible asociación con microcefalia y síndrome de Guillain-Barré motivó que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declarase el 1 de febrero de 2016 que esta epidemia constituye una emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional. Los datos epidemiológicos muestran una incidencia creciente en países como Brasil y Colombia, y que la epidemia sigue expandiéndose por muchos otros países. Desde enero de 2007 hasta el 27 de abril de 2016, la OMS ha detectado transmisión autóctona en 55 países (en 42 de ellos ha sido el primer brote de Zika), y 1198 microcefalias y otros trastornos neurológicos en Brasil. Así mismo, durante 2015 y 2016, 13 países detectaron un incremento de los casos de síndrome de Guillain-Barré y de confirmación de VZ asociado a este. En relación a las microcefalias y otras graves alteraciones cerebrales en recién nacidos de madres afectadas por VZ, las investigaciones ya evidencian una relación causal. Clínicamente muchos casos son asintomáticos y el diagnóstico ofrece dificultades con otras arbovirosis. El control de vectores en España es prioritario, dada la existencia de Aedes albopictus (mosquito tigre). También se recomienda el diagnóstico precoz, evitar viajes a zonas endémicas, mantener relaciones sexuales protegidas y procurar que la prioridad política, que puede evitar que esta epidemia se convierta en una enfermedad endémica de alta prevalencia, no nos haga olvidar otros problemas de salud. [EN] Infection with Zika virus (ZV) has become a new epidemic, with great impact on the media, and is having a strong effect in Latin American countries. Its possible association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare on 1 February 2016 that this epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern. Epidemiological data show an increasing incidence in countries like Brazil and Colombia, and that the epidemic is still expanding in many other countries. Between January 2007 and 27 April 2016, the WHO detected transmission in 55 countries (in 42 of these, this was the first outbreak of Zika) and 1,198 microcephalies and other neurological disorders in Brazil. Also, during 2015-2016, 13 countries detected an increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome and/or confirmation of ZV associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Research has already demonstrated a causal relationship between microcephaly and other serious brain disorders in newborns and ZV infection in the mother. Clinically, many cases are asymptomatic and it can be difficult to distinguish this diagnosis from that of other arboviruses. Vector control in Spain is a priority because of the presence of the Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito). Early diagnosis is recommended, as is avoiding travel to endemic areas and unprotected sex, and ensuring that the high political profile, which can prevent this epidemic from becoming a high prevalence endemic disease, does not cause us to forget about other health problems. ; Sí
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) represents a threat with consequences on maternal and children's health. We aimed to assess the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women returning from ZIKV affected areas, and the effects of maternal ZIKV infection on birth outcomes and children's health. This was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted at the Hospital Clínic of Barcelona and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain, from January 2016 to February 2020. One hundred and ninety-five pregnant women who had travelled to ZIKV affected areas during pregnancy were recruited. Four women (2.1%) had a confirmed ZIKV infection, 40 women (20.5%) a probable infection, and 151 (77.4%) were negative for ZIKV. Among the ZIKV confirmed cases, a pregnant woman suffered a miscarriage, highly plausible to be associated with ZIKV infection. Brain cysts and microcalcifications were detected in 7% of fetuses or infants from women with confirmed or probable ZIKV infection. Neurodevelopmental delay in the language function was found in 33.3% out of the 21 children evaluated. These findings contribute to the understanding of ZIKV prevalence estimates, and the impact of maternal ZIKV infection on pregnancy outcomes and children's health. Results highlight the importance of long-term surveillance in pregnant travellers and their children. ; This work was supported by the Government of Spain [grant number PI16/0123, ISCIII-AES Proyectos de Investigación en Salud, 2016]; a predoctoral fellowship from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434) [fellowship LCF/BQ/ES17/11600006]; the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Government of Spain through a Ramon y Cajal Grant [RYC-2013-14,512]; RICET, a Tropical Disease Cooperative Research Network in Spain [RD12/0018/0010] cofounded by ISCIII and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); the Departament d'Universitats I Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, AGAUR [grant 2017SGR924]; and ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Sí
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with congenital microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There is little published research on the effect of maternal ZIKV infection in a non-endemic European region. We aimed to describe the outcomes of pregnant travelers diagnosed as ZIKV-infected in Spain, and their exposed children. This prospective observational cohort study of nine referral hospitals enrolled pregnant women (PW) who travelled to endemic areas during their pregnancy or the two previous months, or those whose sexual partners visited endemic areas in the previous 6 months. Infants of ZIKV-infected mothers were followed for about two years. ZIKV infection was diagnosed in 163 PW; 112 (70%) were asymptomatic and 24 (14.7%) were confirmed cases. Among 143 infants, 14 (9.8%) had adverse outcomes during follow-up; three had a congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), and 11 other potential Zika-related outcomes. The overall incidence of CZS was 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4-6.0%), but among infants born to ZIKV-confirmed mothers, this increased to 15.8% (95%CI: 3.4-39.6%). A nearly 10% overall risk of neurologic and hearing adverse outcomes was found in ZIKV-exposed children born to a ZIKV-infected traveler PW. Longer-term follow-up of these children is needed to assess whether there are any later-onset manifestations. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 734857 (ZIKAction). ; Sí
