One of the best known contributors to and even founders of early feminism during the French Revolution is a Dutch woman, Etta Palm-Aelders. Aims to make available the known information on her life history, and to write a biography that aims to establish a more integrated knowledge of her attitudes towards sexual as well as state politics. (JLN)
Developing now is a history of the complex relations between gender and power in this period, that was of great importance to the structure of the modern western state. Historical research is concentrating on the question how gender functioned in and influenced the course of the Revolution and how the ideas on gender were shaped by this very Revolution. (JLN)
Our study analyses the current status of the Biosphere Reserves on the Cantabrian Mountains, especially the relationships that they have with other Protected Natural Areas with which very often coincide. These relationships concerns management bodies and one of their main problems that has to do with their negative demographic dynamic that has led to an intense depopulation and aging of their local population. Although twelve reserves have been declared, there are still many areas which have not been named reserves but they potentially could. This tells us that we are still far from a Biosphere Reserve of the Great Cantabrian Mountain Range. The management is different depending on the regions: in Asturias, it is the regional administrative department which performs its management; in Galicia, the provincial administrative department and in Castilla and León, it's the local government who is in charge of its management. Depopulation is one of the most serious problems suffered almost by every Cantabrian reserves and as a process has not stopped yet. The status of the Biosphere Reserve has yet to find its place in the context of other figures that are clearly under protection. In general, the aim of our study is to underline the importance of separating this figure from other more consolidated concerning Protected Natural Areas, and also, to raise awareness about the serious process of aging and depopulation expressed in their territories. ; Se analiza la situación actual de las Reservas de la Biosfera de la Cordillera Cantábrica, en especial las relaciones que tienen con los Espacios Naturales Protegidos, con los que a menudo coinciden, las relativas a sus órganos de gestión y a uno de sus principales problemas actuales: su dinámica demográfica negativa que ha desembocado en una intensa despoblación y envejecimiento. Aunque se han declarado doce reservas, aún hay muchas zonas que potencialmente lo podían ser, por lo que aún se está lejos de una Reserva de la Biosfera de la Gran Cantábrica. La gestión es dispar de unas autonomías a otras, pues la realiza la administración regional en Asturias, la provincial en Galicia y la administración local en Castilla y León. La despoblación es uno de los fenómenos más graves que sufren casi todas las reservas cantábricas y como proceso aún no se ha detenido. El estatus de Reserva de la Biosfera debe encontrar aún su lugar en el marco de otras figuras que sí son claramente de protección. En general, se remarca la importancia de separar esta figura de otras más consolidadas referidas a Espacios Naturales Protegidos, así como el grave proceso de envejecimiento y despoblación que manifiestan sus territorios.
904 907 11 3 & 4 ; Senia ; [EN] The aim of this research was the determination of the best conditions for applying Bordeaux mixture for the control of gray mold or rot (Botrytis cinerea) in passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grown in organic farming in the Andes. This disease is responsible for nearly 30% loss of production in the province of Tungurahua (Ecuador). To do this, three doses and four frequencies of application in two locations were evaluated. The locations were in the sectors El Galpón and Runtun which are cantons of Patate and Baños, respectively, in Ecuador. Therefore, each experimental unit was composed of 12 blocks (3 doses x 4 frequencies) together a control test with three plants each. In total, 78 plants were evaluated. The doses used were 5 g CuSO4/litre of water (D1), 10 g CuSO4/litre of water (D2), and 15 g CuSO4/litre of water (D3). The studied application frequencies were every 7 days (F1), every 14 days (F2), every 21 days (F3) and every 28 days (F4). From the first application of the treatment, the efficacy was evaluated every 15 days up to 90 days, also performing an economic analysis of the treatments. The evaluation of the effectiveness of each treatment was performed using an affection index, defined as the ratio number of affected organs (branches, leaves, flowers or fruits) and the number of total organs. It has been demonstrated that treatment with 0.5 kg of CuSO4 in 100 litres of water applied every 21 days gives good results for the control of gray mold. Complete removal of the Botrytis was achieved at 75 days after starting treatment. Treatments with higher dose level and the same frequency of application did not improve the results. The participation of Dr. Borja Velázquez Martí in this work was made possible by funding from the Ecuadorian Government by means of PROMETEO program leaded by the Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología (SENESCYT). Vega, J.; Escobar, B.; Velázquez Martí, B. (2013). Application of Bordeaux mixture for Botrytis ...
[EN] The aim of this research was the determination of the best conditions for applying Bordeaux mixture for the control of gray mold or rot (Botrytis cinerea) in passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grown in organic farming in the Andes. This disease is responsible for nearly 30% loss of production in the province of Tungurahua (Ecuador). To do this, three doses and four frequencies of application in two locations were evaluated. The locations were in the sectors El Galpón and Runtun which are cantons of Patate and Baños, respectively, in Ecuador. Therefore, each experimental unit was composed of 12 blocks (3 doses x 4 frequencies) together a control test with three plants each. In total, 78 plants were evaluated. The doses used were 5 g CuSO4/litre of water (D1), 10 g CuSO4/litre of water (D2), and 15 g CuSO4/litre of water (D3). The studied application frequencies were every 7 days (F1), every 14 days (F2), every 21 days (F3) and every 28 days (F4). From the first application of the treatment, the efficacy was evaluated every 15 days up to 90 days, also performing an economic analysis of the treatments. The evaluation of the effectiveness of each treatment was performed using an affection index, defined as the ratio number of affected organs (branches, leaves, flowers or fruits) and the number of total organs. It has been demonstrated that treatment with 0.5 kg of CuSO4 in 100 litres of water applied every 21 days gives good results for the control of gray mold. Complete removal of the Botrytis was achieved at 75 days after starting treatment. Treatments with higher dose level and the same frequency of application did not improve the results. ; The participation of Dr. Borja Velázquez Martí in this work was made possible by funding from the Ecuadorian Government by means of PROMETEO program leaded by the Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología (SENESCYT). ; Vega, J.; Escobar, B.; Velázquez Martí, B. (2013). Application of Bordeaux mixture for Botrytis control in passion fruit ...
En la localidad de Jahuara II se realizó una investigación mixta, con el objetivo de sistematizar y comparar información ambiental, social, cultural y económica de la agricultura de maíz, que tradicionalmente practican agricultores indígenas mayos y mestizos. La metodología incluyó revisión documental, observación participante, entrevistas y encuestas con un muestreo intencional a 53 ejidatarios entre 49 y 80 años. La interpretación de datos ambientales señala que las limitantes para la producción de maíz son la escasa precipitación y las bajas temperaturas. En lo sociocultural, ambos grupos conservan elementos de su identidad asociadas al conocimiento agrícola. Tecnológicamente practican una agricultura comercial y similar en sus componentes; sin embargo, la semilla criolla de maíz es más empleada por los mayos, quienes comparativamente con los mestizos obtuvieron rendimientos ligeramente mayores en riego, como de temporal. En lo económico existe una relación costo/beneficio promedio favorable en ambos grupos de agricultores, aunque los costos de producción por hectárea sembrada son elevados en ambos casos. Los mayos han perdido terrenos de cultivo por razones socioeconómicas, han dejado de sembrar superficies de maíz criollo y han abandonado prácticas tradicionales. La erosión del conocimiento de la agricultura indígena se observa en la posible extinción de la diversidad de los maíces criollos de la región, situación que impacta el patrimonio biocultural de los mayos y mestizos. Es urgente valorar los conocimientos ancestrales del manejo de la agricultura, cuyo potencial genético es reconocido por los centros de investigación agrícola y significan una expectativa favorable de estudio para enfrontar la problemática climática regional.
Residue chopping from orchard pruning is becoming a common practice in conservation agriculture after the establishment of eco-conditionality policies in the European Union. This type of residue is used to protect the soil from erosion and improve the water balance and fertility of soils by improving the organic matter content. However, no studies have evaluated the influence of pruning residues and size on soil coverage. This study examines the effect of different treatments on pruning residue soil coverage in an olive orchard (cv. Picual). Treatments consisted of two quantities of pruning residues, specifically, high (2.04 kg m-2) and low (1.02 kg m-2), and two chopping speeds, low (2.4 km h-1) and high (3.2 km h-1). The different treatments were evaluated by image analysis and pixel counting to determine the soil cover percentage, size, number and distribution of the pruning residues after chopping. After chopping, the soil cover percentage was 39% higher in the high quantity pruning residue treatments but was not significantly influenced by the chopping speed. The size and number of lignified residues was quantified via pixel counting. In the high quantity pruning residue treatments, the number of large lignified residues (> 6 cm2) was higher, and the number of pruning residues smaller than 2 cm2 was lower, when compared with low quantity pruning residue treatments. The high chopping speed treatments produced more smaller-sized pruning residues.
Supported by Spanish grant PI12-02587 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, RETICS REDiNREN (RD12/0021/0021) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and by European Union ''Fondos FEDER ''
The Astrophysical Journal 806.1 (2015): 4 reproduced by permission of the AAS ; We present a new determination of the concentration-mass (c-M) relation for galaxy clusters based on our comprehensive lensing analysis of 19 X-ray selected galaxy clusters from the Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble (CLASH). Our sample spans a redshift range between 0.19 and 0.89. We combine weak-lensing constraints from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and from ground-based wide-field data with strong lensing constraints from HST. The results are reconstructions of the surface-mass density for all CLASH clusters on multi-scale grids. Our derivation of Navarro-Frenk-White parameters yields virial masses between 0.53 x 10 15 M⊙/ h and 1.76 x 10 15 M⊙/ h and the halo concentrations are distributed around c200c∼3.7 with a 1σ significant negative slope with cluster mass. We find an excellent 4% agreement in the median ratio of our measured concentrations for each cluster and the respective expectation from numerical simulations after accounting for the CLASH selection function based on X-ray morphology. The simulations are analyzed in two dimensions to account for possible biases in the lensing reconstructions due to projection effects. The theoretical c-M relation from our X-ray selected set of simulated clusters and the c-M relation derived directly from the CLASH data agree at the 90% confidence level ; The research was in part carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. J. M. has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under REA grant agreement number 627288. M. M. thanks ORAU and NASA for supporting his research at JPL and acknowledges support from the contract ASI/INAF I/023/12/0, INFN/PD51, and the PRIN MIUR 20102011 "The dark universe and the cosmic evolution of baryons: from current surveys to Euclid." K. U. acknowledges support from the National Science Council of Taiwan (grant NSC100-2112-M-001-008-MY3) and from the Academia Sinica Career Development Award. Support for A. Z. is provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF-51334.01 A awarded by STScI. D. G., S. S. and P. R. were supported by SFB Transregio 33 "The Dark universe" by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the DFG cluster of excellence "Origin and Structure of the universe." This work was supported in part by contract research "Internationale Spitzenforschung II/2-6" of the Baden Württemberg Stiftung. The Dark Cosmology Centre is funded by the DNRF. J. S. was supported by NSF/AST1313447, NASA/NNX11AB07G, and the Norris Foundation CCAT Postdoctoral Fellowship. E.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation AST-1210973, SAO TM3-14008X (issued under NASA Contract No. NAS8-03060)
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19. Methods: A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations. Results: The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption. Conclusion: A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.