Suchergebnisse

Given that forced migration subjects households to extremely vulnerable conditions, the need to design particular policies for displaced populations is unquestionable. However, forced displacement poses several challenges to policymakers. In connection with low-intensity conflicts, such as in the case of Colombia, the main obstacle concerns the identification of households' victims of forced migration, so as to know to whom one should funnel aid. In such cases, inasmuch as victims migrate individually and tend to spread throughout a territory, identifying victims is difficult and channeling aid through supply-driven mechanisms is prohibitively expensive. To locate the households' victims of low intensity conflicts, an alternative — one adopted by the Colombia government — is to provide aid through demand-driven programs. This article evaluates whether demand-driven approaches aimed at assisting displaced households do in fact reach the entire displaced population. The study employs a survey applied to 1,553 households located in 48 Colombian municipalities. The authors identify to what extent a demand-driven approach excludes particular groups of households within the displaced population, examine what household characteristics determine the decision to declare one's eligibility for and final registration in RUPD, and analyze whether the exclusion of some groups of households is caused by the behavior of the relevant displaced households or by the deliberate targeting of these households by government offices. Results reveal that the exclusion of households from Colombia's RPUD program is mainly caused by lack of information regarding RUPD, with institutional determinants playing a lesser role.

Abstract
This paper studies the gendered labor market and demographic effects of trade liberalization in Peru. To identify these effects, we use variation in the exposure of local labor markets to import competition from China based on their baseline industrial composition. On average, the increase in Chinese imports during 1998–2008 led to a persistent decline in the employment share of low-educated female workers but had smaller and transitory effects on the employment of low-educated men. In contrast to the predictions of Becker's model of household specialization, we find that the increase in import competition during this period increased the share of single low-educated people and decreased their marriage rates. There is little evidence that import competition affected fertility decisions. The results highlight the role of gains from joint consumption in marriage formation.

El impacto del desplazamiento sobre el bienestar de los hogares genera vulnerabilidades que deben ser atendidas por políticas especialmente dirigidas a este grupo de la población. Sin embargo, las dinámicas del desplazamiento forzoso imponen restos importantes al momento de diseñar las políticas necesarias. En casos de conflictos de baja intensidad, como es el caso colombiano, el principal reto se presenta en el momento de identificar la población desplazada. Dado que la mayoría de los desplazamientos ocurren de forma individual, un sistema de asistencia basado en mecanismos de oferta implica costos muy altos. En Colombia, el Sistema Único de Registro (SUR) es el encargado de la asistencia a la población desplazada. El SUR es un sistema basado en mecanismos de demanda en el que la población desplazada debe acudir a las oficinas del gobierno para poder acceder a la asistencia estatal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar dicho sistema e identificar en qué medida los mecanismos de demanda pueden excluir grupos particulares de la población desplazada, a partir de una encuesta de hogares aplicada a 2.322 hogares desplazadas ubicados en 48 municipios y 21 departamentos de Colombia. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, la investigación analiza en qué medida los sistemas de ayuda basados en mecanismos de demanda pueden excluir grupos particulares de la población objetivo; examina las características de los hogares que influyen sobre la decisión de declarar y la inscripción en el SUR; y, determina la medida en la que la exclusión depende de las decisiones del hogar en la etapa de declaración o de decisiones institucionales en la etapa de registro. Los resultados muestran que la exclusión depende en gran medida de las decisiones del hogar y en menor medida de determinantes institucionales. La decisión de declarar depende en gran parte de la vulnerabilidad de los hogares después del desplazamiento, del estatus económico en el municipio de origen, y del proceso de migración. ; The dynamics of forced migration pushes households to extremely vulnerable conditions; therefore, the need to design particular policies for the displaced population is unquestionable. However, forced displacement poses several challenges to policy-makers. During low intensity conflicts, such as the Colombian case, the main obstacle arises when identifying the victims of forced migration to funnel aid. In these cases, since victims migrate individually and spread over the territory, the identification of victims is difficult and channeling aid through supply-driven mechanisms is prohibitively expensive. In order to locate the victims during low intensity conflicts, an alternative, adopted by the Colombia government, is to provide aid through demand-driven programs. In Colombia, a demand-driven mechanism, named SUR by its Spanish acronym, was designed to assist the displaced population. Displaced household must approach government offices to declare, under oath, the facts of displacement in order to have access to SUR and thereby state programs. This paper evaluates SUR and identifies whether demand-driven approaches to assist the displaced population reach the entire displaced population. The paper uses a survey applied to 2.322 household located in 48 Colombian municipalities. We identify to what extent a demand-driven approach, like SUR, exclude particular groups of the displaced population; we examine what household characteristics determine the decision to declare and final registration in SUR; and, we analyze whether exclusion of some groups is caused by behavior of displaced households or by deliberate targeting of government offices. Our results reveal that exclusion from the demand-driven approach adopted in Colombia is mainly caused by households' decisions while institutional determinants play a lesser role. The decision to declare is shaped by vulnerability of the household, previous economic status in the municipality of origin, and the migration process.

AbstractThe number of forcibly displaced persons has increased substantially since the early 2000s and has more than doubled in the last decade. Responding to the needs of forcibly displaced persons requires comprehensive legal and policy frameworks and evidence-based programmes that promote durable solutions, including sustainable movements out of poverty and their successful integration into hosting communities. In this paper, we review the dynamics of forced displacement in Colombia, the country with the largest number of internally displaced persons worldwide, and the progression of legal and policy frameworks that have been implemented since the late 1990s. We also review over two decades of research on the economic, social, and psychological consequences of forced displacement following an asset-based poverty trap framework that allows us to understand how forced displacement can alter poverty dynamics across time and generations. Throughout the review, we draw lessons for other contexts and countries affected by forced displacement and refugee flows.

El ecosistema mediático es una metodología de investigación propuesta por Neil Postman y Marshall McLuhan en 1971, con su consolidación a partir de conceptos sólidos presentados en 1979. Sin embargo, presenta conceptos transversales a otros estudios sobre medios, muchos de ellos desarrollados por teóricos que actualizaran, o construyeron conceptos que sostienen una nueva ecología de los medios. El artículo presenta una actualización de estas miradas a partir de una investigación que tiene como metodología el método bibliográfico de profundidad. Se espera, con los resultados aquí presentados, la posibilidad de una conceptualización de una nueva ecología de los medios. Como resultados de la investigación, presentamos indicativos para la existencia de nuevas metáforas de la ecología de los medios contemporánea.