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Recent years have witnessed considerable speculation about the potential of open data to bring about wide-scale transformation. The bulk of existing evidence about the impact of open data, however, focuses on high-income countries. Much less is known about open data's role and value in low- and middle-income countries, and more generally about its possible contributions to economic and social development. Open Data for Developing Economies features in-depth case studies on how open data is having an impact across the developing world-from an agriculture initiative in Colombia to data-driven healthcare projects in Uganda and South Africa to crisis response in Nepal. The analysis built on these case studies aims to create actionable intelligence regarding: (a) the conditions under which open data is most (and least) effective in development, presented in the form of a Periodic Table of Open Data; (b) strategies to maximize the positive contributions of open data to development; and (c) the means for limiting open data's harms on developing countries.

Abstract
A proliferation of data-generating devices, sensors, and applications has led to unprecedented amounts of digital data. We live in an era of datafication, one in which life is increasingly quantified and transformed into intelligence for private or public benefit. When used responsibly, this offers new opportunities for public good. The potential of data is evident in the possibilities offered by open data and data collaboratives—both instances of how wider access to data can lead to positive and often dramatic social transformation. However, three key forms of asymmetry currently limit this potential, especially for already vulnerable and marginalized groups: data asymmetries, information asymmetries, and agency asymmetries. These asymmetries limit human potential, both in a practical and psychological sense, leading to feelings of disempowerment and eroding public trust in technology. Existing methods to limit asymmetries (such as open data or consent) as well as some alternatives under consideration (data ownership, collective ownership, personal information management systems) have limitations to adequately address the challenges at hand. A new principle and practice of digital self-determination (DSD) is therefore required. The study and practice of DSD remain in its infancy. The characteristics we have outlined here are only exploratory, and much work remains to be done so as to better understand what works and what does not. We suggest the need for a new research framework or agenda to explore DSD and how it can address the asymmetries, imbalances, and inequalities—both in data and society more generally—that are emerging as key public policy challenges of our era.

Abstract
Data and data science offer tremendous potential to address some of our most intractable public problems (including the Covid-19 pandemic). At the same time, recent years have shown some of the risks of existing and emerging technologies. An updated framework is required to balance potential and risk, and to ensure that data is used responsibly. Data responsibility is not itself a new concept. However, amid a rapidly changing technology landscape, it has become increasingly clear that the concept may need updating, in order to keep up with new trends such as big data, open data, the Internet of things, and artificial intelligence, and machine learning. This paper seeks to outline 10 approaches and innovations for data responsibility in the 21st century. The 10 emerging concepts we have identified include:
End-to-end data responsibility
Decision provenance
Professionalizing data stewardship
From data science to question science
Contextual consent
Responsibility by design
Data asymmetries and data collaboratives
Personally identifiable inference
Group privacy
Data assemblies
Each of these is described at greater length in the paper, and illustrated with examples from around the world. Put together, they add up to a framework or outline for policy makers, scholars, and activists who seek to harness the potential of data to solve complex social problems and advance the public good. Needless to say, the 10 approaches outlined here represent just a start. We envision this paper more as an exercise in agenda-setting than a comprehensive survey.

Intro -- Frontespizio -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgment -- Foreword: Towards a Science of Gamification and Its Relationship to Governance and Democracy -- 1. What if Government Was a Game? -- 1. Not your average tetris -- 2. Imagining the future of public power -- 3. Gamification, governance and regulators -- 4. Innovation and tradition -- 5. Technologies and public power -- 6. Increased convergence, higher expectations -- 7. Escaping anachronism -- 8. Conceptual shifts -- 9. Gamification at crossroads no. 1 - nudging -- 10. Gamification at crossroads no. 2 - democratic Innovations -- 11. Gamification at crossroads no. 3 - crowdsourcing -- 12. Gamification at crossroads no. 4 - civic tech -- 13. The era of disbelief -- 14. Regulators in crisis -- 15. The odd paradox -- 16. The participatory makeover -- 17. Fiscal austerity, the costs of (non-)innovating -- 18. Regulatory complexity, obliged to innovate -- 19. The open questions of gamified governance -- 20. The structure of the volume -- 2. A Cursory Investigation into Gamification -- 1. Gamification in political communication -- 2. The politicisation of games -- 3. Gamification and the business sector -- 4. Gamified media -- 5. Games and universities -- 6. Gamified activism -- 7. The gamification of climate change activism -- 3. Games, Rewards and the Exercise of Public Power -- 1. Mayor for a day -- 2. Design is key -- 3. Civic currencies -- 4. Where is the red balloon? -- 5. Be kind to your neighbours -- 6. Participated budgets -- 7. Taxonomy of national gamified governance -- 8. Vultures with GoPros -- 9. Speed camera lotteries and melodic highways -- 10. Incumbent and critical democracies -- 4. Gamification Beyond Borders -- 1. Gamified supranational governance -- 2. Social innovators and young scientists -- 3. Storytellers, innovators, connectors and includers.

Recent years have witnessed considerable speculation about the potential of open data to bring about wide-scale transformation. The bulk of existing evidence about the impact of open data, however, focuses on high-income countries. Much less is known about open data's role and value in low- and middle-income countries, and more generally about its possible contributions to economic and social development. Open Data for Developing Economies features in-depth case studies on how open data is having an impact across the developing world-from an agriculture initiative in Colombia to data-driven healthcare projects in Uganda and South Africa to crisis response in Nepal. The analysis built on these case studies aims to create actionable intelligence regarding: (a) the conditions under which open data is most (and least) effective in development, presented in the form of a Periodic Table of Open Data; (b) strategies to maximize the positive contributions of open data to development; and (c) the means for limiting open data's harms on developing countries. CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction PART I: OPEN DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 The Relevance of Open Data for Developing Economies Chapter 3 The Impact of Open Data on Developing Economies Chapter 4 The Impact of Open Data in Developing Economies across Sectors PART II: CASE STUDIES Open Data's Impact on Improving Government Chapter 5 Burundi's Open RBF Chapter 6 India's ESMI Chapter 7 Open Development Cambodia Chapter 8 Uganda's iParticipate Open Data's Impact on Empowering Citizens Chapter 9 GotToVote! Kenya Chapter 10 Tanzania's Open Education Dashboards Chapter 11 South Africa's Medicine Price Registry Open Data's Impact on Creating Opportunity Chapter 12 Acl.mate Colombia Chapter 13 Ghana's Esoko Chapter 14 Jamaica's Interactive Community Mapping Open Data's Impact on Solving Public Problems Chapter 15 Nepal Earthquake Recovery Chapter 16 Paraguay's Dengue Prediction PART III: CONCLUSION Chapter 17 Leveraging Open Data as a New ...