Suchergebnisse

One major source of information on the position of women and the male attitude towards them in early medieval India (ad 800–1200) consists of the large body of inscriptions in Sanskrit and south Indian languages. This article is concerned with the woman's position in the family as contemporaneously conceived based on this extensive source. Male preference and dominance were expressed in particular ways; and it is with this particularity that the present study is largely concerned. Since inscriptions, especially the voluble ones, were set up to record some act of the royalty or the nobility, one is warned in advance of the limitations of the evidence. Yet, as will be seen, ordinary women too sometimes appear in our epigraphic evidence.

Abstract
Women bear a disproportionate share of the health and time burden associated with lack of access to modern energy. We study the impact of clean energy access on adult health and labour supply outcomes by exploiting a nationwide rollout of a clean cooking fuel program in Indonesia. We find that access to clean cooking fuel led to an improvement in women's health and an increase in their work hours. We also find an increase in men's work hours and in their propensity to have an additional job, primarily in those households where women accrued the largest program benefits.

Women are known to bear the largest share of health, time and labor supply burden associated with a lack of modern energy. In this paper, we study the impact of clean energy access on adult health and labor supply outcomes by exploiting a nationwide rollout of clean cooking fuel program in Indonesia. This program led to a large-scale fuel switching, from kerosene, a dirty fuel, to liquid petroleum gas, a significantly cleaner and efficient cooking fuel than kerosene. Using rich longitudinal survey data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and the staggered structure of the program roll-out, we find that access to clean cooking fuel led to a significant improvement in women's health, particularly among those who spend most of their time indoors doing housework. We also find an increase in the labor supplied by these women on both intensive and extensive margins. This suggests that having clean and efficient cooking fuel may not only improve women's health but also improve their productivity, subsequently allowing them to supply more market labor. For men, we find an increase in the labor supplied only along the intensive margin, with a higher increase among men in households where women accrued the largest health and labor benefits from the program. These results highlight the role of clean energy in reducing gender-disparity in health and labor participation and point to the existence of positive externality from improved health and productivity of women on other members of the household. ; Imelda gratefully acknowledges support from European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (772331)

As per 2011 census 68.5% of India is rural population and around 62% population depends on agriculture for a living. Agriculture sector provides employment to nearly 52% of the work force. Lead Bank is a unique model formulated by the RBI to reduce regional and sectorial imbalances existing in the economy. The study was conducted on 100 beneficiaries selected through proportionate sampling from five sample villages of Masodha block of Faizabad district (U.P.) selected purposively. The structured schedule was used to contact respondents personally for data collection. The impact of government sponsored scheme on beneficiaries before and after utilizing the bank credit in terms of income, asset and employment generation was examined and evaluated. The findings show that out of 17 variables like age, education, extent of contact, risk orientation and extent of knowledge regarding process of loan had highly significant and positive correlation with adoption of process of advancement of loan. The finding of the study may be a direction for extension policy makers and government to frame suitable policy to increase loan advancement for upliftment of rural people.

Agriculture sector provides employment to nearly 52% of the work force. Lead Bank is a unique model formulated by the RBI to reduce regional and sectorial imbalances existing in the economy in terms of loan advancement. The present study was conducted in Masodha block of Faizabad district (U.P.) on100 beneficiaries selected through proportionate sampling from five sample villages on the basis of majority of beneficiaries. The respondents were contacted personally for data collection and interviewed with structured schedule. The impact of government sponsored scheme on beneficiaries before and after utilizing the bank credit in terms of income, asset and employment generation was examined and evaluated. The finding shows that out of 17 variables like age, education, extent of contact, risk orientation and knowledge extent of process of loan had highly significant and positive correlation with adoption of process of advancement of loan. The findings of the study are eye opener for extension policy makers and government to frame suitable policy for upliftment of rural people.