Suchergebnisse

The public utilities privatizations, which were carried on many Latin American countries in the nineties, had many political different reactions. In Brazil, it became visible the judicial consumer reaction against the new regulatory model in most public utilities. There were some factors that allowed the judicial system to be flooded with the network industries lawsuits. The hypothesis of the paper is that one of the causes was the absence of a suitable legal and institutional framework to channel the consumer demands. On the other side, some new types of judicial procedures (like class actions, on one side, and special claim courts, otherwise) gave the strength to the Brazilian judicial power to raise as a central player in order to decide and directly determine the legal details of the public utilities production and distribution. ; The public utilities privatizations, which were carried on many Latin American countries in the nineties, had many political different reactions. In Brazil, it became visible the judicial consumer reaction against the new regulatory model in most public utilities. There were some factors that allowed the judicial system to be flooded with the network industries lawsuits. The hypothesis of the paper is that one of the causes was the absence of a suitable legal and institutional framework to channel the consumer demands. On the other side, some new types of judicial procedures (like class actions, on one side, and special claim courts, otherwise) gave the strength to the Brazilian judicial power to raise as a central player in order to decide and directly determine the legal details of the public utilities production and distribution.

O artigo revisita o debate sobre o conceito de direito em rede, formulado por François Ost e Michel Van de Kerchove, em prol da constatação de que a teoria clássica do direito não é explicativa. A primeira parte introduz o problema da formulação de teorias amplas e universais e sua limitação, dada a exclusão de elementos contingentes e locais que somente podem ser acessados empiricamente. Na segunda parte, é realizada uma análise de textos para demonstrar como correta a identificação de que o direito moderno possui características específicas e que, por isso, não é razoável supor a universalidade de teorias abstratas como aptas a explicar sistemas jurídicos sem acessar dados da realidade. Na terceira parte são expostos os exemplos trazidos por François Ost e Michel Van de Kerchove sobre o esgotamento teórico do modelo de Hans Kelsen. Na quarta parte é feito um resumo em prol da conclusão, na quinta e última parte, cujo conteúdo indica a necessidade de agregar a dinâmica das ciências sociais empíricas para que seja possível efetivar superar os limites cognitivos e impasses da teoria do direito na atualidade.

The article discusses the ethical and technical consequences of Artificial intelligence (hereinafter, A.I) applications and their usage of the European Union data protection legal framework to enable citizens to defend themselves against them. This goal is under the larger European Union Digital Single Market policy, which has concerns about how this subject correlates with personal data protection. The article has four sections. The first one introduces the main issue by describing the importance of AI applications in the contemporary world scenario. The second one describes some fundamental concepts about AI. The third section has an analysis of the ongoing policies for AI in the European Union and the Council of Europe proposal about ethics applicable to AI in the judicial systems. The fourth section is the conclusion, which debates the current legal mechanisms for citizens protection against fully automated decisions, based on European Union Law and in particular the General Data Protection Regulation. The conclusion will be that European Union Law is still under construction when it comes to providing effective protection to its citizens against automated inferences that are unfair or unreasonable.