Suchergebnisse

The article describes the first use of acid-free alcian-alizarin staining for tailless amphibians in comparison with the standard method of acid staining on the example of the moor frog. The acid-free protocol is applicable for Anura and it has a number of advantages, such as the absence of decalcification, safety for the researcher and others. However, this method also has limitations, such as the binding of alcian blue with soft tissues. ; The authors thank Dmitriy Berzin and Natalia Ivanova for their help with growing tadpoles, Maxim Kovrizhin and Julia Sanaeva for their help with the chemical calculations, Yulia Kruzhkova for advice on the acid method of staining, Artem A. Minin, Artem S. Minin, Victor Sapronov, Ivan Sitnikov and Olga Zagainova for their help with the equipment and reagents and Vladimir Vershinin for his helpful comments and moral support. ; The work was performed within the frameworks of state contract with the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, and partly supported by complex program of UBRAS (project № 18-4-4-28) and by Act 211, Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

В статье критически рассматривается общепризнанная концепция о применении в уголовном судопроизводстве различных видов государственного принуждения. Обосновывается вывод о том, что не процессуальные виды государственного принуждения не могут применяться в уголовно-процессуальных отношениях. Имея собственное отраслевое закрепление вне уголовно-процессуального права, они являются гарантией обеспечения законного порядка уголовного судопроизводства и в таком качестве формируют правосознание участников процесса, ориентируя их на надлежащее поведение. В связи с этим предпринята попытка установить, какими критериями руководствуется законодатель, обеспечивая исполнение процессуальных обязанностей разноотраслевыми средствами правоохраны. Решая эту задачу, автор анализирует качество правового регулирования процессуальных обязанностей участников, вовлеченных в уголовное судопроизводство в их соотношении с процессуальными и не процессуальными средствами охраны. В результате выявляются проблемы как в части регулирования обязанностей участников судопроизводства, так и в соотношении различных видов государственного принуждения, обеспечивающих эти обязанности. ; This article critically evaluates the generally accepted concept of the use of various kinds of state coercion in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that no procedural types of state coercion can be applied in criminal procedure relations. Having its own industry consolidation outside the criminal procedural law, they are the guarantee of a legitimate criminal procedure and, as such, they form the legal consciousness of the process' participants, focusing them on proper behavior. In this regard, an attempt was made to establish what criteria the legislator follows, ensuring the execution of the procedural duties of different means of enforcement. Solving this problem, the author analyzes the legal regulation of the procedural obligations of parties involved in criminal proceedings as they relate to proceedings and procedural means of protection. It identifies problems in the regulation of the duties of participants of legal proceedings, and in the ratio of different types of state coercion, ensuring these duties.

Hybridogenesis in an interspecific hybrid frog is a coupling mechanism in the gametogenic cell line that eliminates the genome of one parental species with endoduplication of the remaining genome of the other parental species. It has been intensively investigated in the edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus (RL), a natural hybrid between the marsh frog P. ridibundus (RR) and the pool frog P. lessonae (LL). However, the genetic mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we investigated the water frogs in the western Russian territory. In three of the four populations, we genetically identified 16 RL frogs living sympatrically with the parental LL species, or with both parental species. In addition, two populations contained genome introgression with another species, P. bedriagae (BB) (a close relative of RR). In the gonads of 13 RL frogs, the L genome was eliminated, producing gametes of R (or R combined with the B genome). In sharp contrast, one RL male eliminated the L or R genome, producing both R and L sperm. We detected a variation in genome elimination within a population. Based on the genetic backgrounds of RL frogs, we hypothesize that the introgression of the B genome resulted in the change in choosing a genome to be eliminated. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; This research was supported by JSPS and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) under the Japan–Russia Research Cooperative Program (2018–2019), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 18-54-50013 to V.V.), and the program 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation (agreement no. 02.A03.21.0006). This study was performed within the framework of the state contract with the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.