Suchergebnisse

Anna Julia Copper's life can be considered as the epitome of a continuous sense of estrangement that was translated into intellectual and moral agency, into leadership in the field of education as a vehicle for social, economic, political freedom, into intense community work, and into major activism in black women's rights organizations. She experienced estrangement on several fronts: towards her condition as a black woman, ex-slave, and the subordinate role often reserved for Afro-American women even within the communities to which they belonged; towards her sense of citizenship in a Western country considered the bulwark of democracy, in which segregation and racial violence were a daily reality; against a nationalism from which she felt distant, as a convinced supporter of Pan-Africanism and a global black community. ; Anna Julia Copper's life can be considered as the epitome of a continuous sense of estrangement that was translated into intellectual and moral agency, into leadership in the field of education as a vehicle for social, economic, political freedom, into intense community work, and into major activism in black women's rights organizations. She experienced estrangement on several fronts: towards her condition as a black woman, ex-slave, and the subordinate role often reserved for Afro-American women even within the communities to which they belonged; towards her sense of citizenship in a Western country considered the bulwark of democracy, in which segregation and racial violence were a daily reality; against a nationalism from which she felt distant, as a convinced supporter of Pan-Africanism and a global black community.

The essay focuses on the international activism of African American women between 1893 and 1960 identifying it as an essential area of study, calling for the longue durée and stressing the importance of the presence of African American women at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago for understanding the origins of that activism and reconstructing political networks that would endure many decades. It seeks to respond at least in part to some critical questions: how did African American women use Pan-Africanism as a resource in their battle for racial progress and gender equality? What roles did these women play in the various Pan-African movements? To what extent could they hold leadership positions within these movements, at least during certain phases? To do this it analyzes the foreign policy views of different African American Women associations – the National Association of Colored Women, the International Council of Women of the Darker Races, the National Council of Negro Women – and the political experience of many of their leaders. The participation of African American women in universal expositions, especially the one in Chicago in 1893, has rarely been explored from the perspective of Pan- Africanism. Yet this context can reveal much about the life experiences that interwove with international ideas and public speeches and brought together women's rights, the creation of a global community of the 'darker races', anticolonialism, peace, social justice and human rights.

Beginning in the late 19th century, competing ideas about motherhood had a profound impact on the development and implementation of social welfare policies. Calls for programmes aimed at assisting and directing mothers emanated from all quarters of the globe, advanced by states and voluntary organizations, liberals and conservatives, feminists and anti-feminists – a phenomenon that scholars have since termed 'maternalism'. This volume reassesses maternalism by providing critical reflections on prior usages of the concept, and by expanding its meaning to encompass geographical areas, political regimes and cultural concerns that scholars have rarely addressed. From Argentina, Brazil and Mexico City to France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Ukraine, the United States and Canada, these case studies offer fresh theoretical and historical perspectives within a transnational and comparative framework. As a whole, the volume demonstrates how maternalist ideologies have been employed by state actors, reformers and poor clients, with myriad political and social ramifications

From its inception, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) provoked controversy. Today it is widely regarded as having contributed to the end of the Cold War. Bringing together new and innovative research on the CSCE, this volume explores questions key to understanding the Cold War: What role did diplomats play in shaping the 1975 Helsinki Final Act? How did that agreement and the CSCE more broadly shape societies in Europe and North America? And how did the CSCE and activists inspired by the Helsinki Final Act influence the end of the Cold War?