Suchergebnisse

This article tries to catch a glimpse of the future of the Spanish labour market that may be conditioned by the application of the labour reform approved by Parliament at the beginning of the year 2022. The reform is supposed to affect the regulatory institutions of this market and, therefore, it can be expected that it will introduce transformations in the behaviour of the socioeconomic agents that operate in it and, by extension, in its future dynamics.First, some basic premises for such an analysis are established. Next, the trajectory of the Spanish labour reforms is briefly reviewed, trying to identify its substantial elements. And, thirdly, considering the most outstanding contents of the 2022 reform, its instruments are analysed together with the quantitative evolution of the variables in recent years, to foresee possible changes in trends due to the modifications introduced in this labour regulation. Finally, the article summarises the results achieved and provides some considerations on the possible impact of the reform on the future dynamics of the Spanish labour market. ; El presente artículo trata de vislumbrar algo del futuro del mercado de trabajo español que puede estar condicionado por la aplicación de la reforma laboral aprobada por el Parlamento a principios del año 2022. Esta reforma se prevé que afecte a la institucionalidad reguladora de dicho mercado y, por tanto, cabe esperar que introduzca transformaciones en el comportamiento de los agentes socioeconómicos que en él operan y, por extensión, en la dinámica futura del mismo.En primer lugar, se establecen algunas premisas básicas para dicho análisis. A continuación, se revisa someramente la trayectoria de las reformas laborales habidas en España tratando de identificar sus elementos sustanciales. Y, en tercer lugar, circunscribiéndonos a los contenidos más destacados de la reforma de 2022, se analiza la evolución cuantitativa de las variables en los últimos años, con el fin de idenficar posibles cambios en las tendencias a causa de las modificaciones introducidas en esta regulación laboral. En la última parte del artículo se sintetizan los resultados alcanzados y se aportan algunas consideraciones sobre el posible impacto de la reforma en la dinámica futura del mercado laboral español.

This article is part of the Research Topic Genomics in aquaculture to better understand species biology and accelerate genetic progress.-- 13 pages, 3 figures ; Controlling the sex ratio is essential in finfish farming. A balanced sex ratio is usually good for broodstock management, since it enables to develop appropriate breeding schemes. However, in some species the production of monosex populations is desirable because the existence of sexual dimorphism, primarily in growth or first time of sexual maturation, but also in color or shape, can render one sex more valuable. The knowledge of the genetic architecture of sex determination (SD) is convenient for controlling sex ratio and for the implementation of breeding programs. Unlike mammals and birds, which show highly conserved master genes that control a conserved genetic network responsible for gonad differentiation (GD), a huge diversity of SD mechanisms has been reported in fish. Despite theory predictions, more than one gene is in many cases involved in fish SD and genetic differences have been observed in the GD network. Environmental factors also play a relevant role and epigenetic mechanisms are becoming increasingly recognized for the establishment and maintenance of the GD pathways. Although major genetic factors are frequently involved in fish SD, these observations strongly suggest that SD in this group resembles a complex trait. Accordingly, the application of quantitative genetics combined with genomic tools is desirable to address its study and in fact, when applied, it has frequently demonstrated a multigene trait interacting with environmental factors in model and cultured fish species. This scenario has notable implications for aquaculture and, depending upon the species, from chromosome manipulation or environmental control techniques up to classical selection or marker assisted selection programs, are being applied. In this review, we selected four relevant species or fish groups to illustrate this diversity and hence the technologies that can be used by the industry for the control of sex ratio: turbot and European sea bass, two reference species of the European aquaculture, and salmonids and tilapia, representing the fish for which there are well established breeding programs ; This research work was supported by the Spanish Government (Consolider Ingenio Aquagenomics: CSD2007-00002 project) and Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL2009-13273 and AGL2010-15939) projects to Paulino Martínez and Francesc Piferrer ; Peer Reviewed

20 pages, 10 figures, 7 additional files ; [Background] Controlling sex ratios is essential for the aquaculture industry, especially in those species with sex dimorphism for relevant productive traits, hence the importance of knowing how the sexual phenotype is established in fish. Turbot, a very important fish for the aquaculture industry in Europe, shows one of the largest sexual growth dimorphisms amongst marine cultured species, being all-female stocks a desirable goal for the industry. Although important knowledge has been achieved on the genetic basis of sex determination (SD) in this species, the master SD gene remains unknown and precise information on gene expression at the critical stage of sex differentiation is lacking. In the present work, we examined the expression profiles of 29 relevant genes related to sex differentiation, from 60 up to 135 days post fertilization (dpf), when gonads are differentiating. We also considered the influence of three temperature regimes on sex differentiation. ; [Results] The first sex-related differences in molecular markers could be observed at 90 days post fertilization (dpf) and so we have called that time the onset of sex differentiation. Three genes were the first to show differential expression between males and females and also allowed us to sex turbot accurately at the onset of sex differentiation (90 dpf): cyp19a1a, amh and vasa. The expression of genes related to primordial germ cells (vasa, gsdf, tdrd1) started to increase between 75–90 dpf and vasa and tdrd1 later presented higher expression in females (90-105 dpf). Two genes placed on the SD region of turbot (sox2, fxr1) did not show any expression pattern suggestive of a sex determining function. We also detected changes in the expression levels of several genes (ctnnb1, cyp11a, dmrt2 or sox6) depending on culture temperature. ; [Conclusion] Our results enabled us to identify the first sex-associated genetic cues (cyp19a1a, vasa and amh) at the initial stages of gonad development in turbot (90 dpf) and to accurately sex turbot at this age, establishing the correspondence between gene expression profiles and histological sex. Furthermore, we profiled several genes involved in sex differentiation and found specific temperature effects on their expression. ; The study was supported by a project from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AGL2010-22326-C02-01 and CDS2007-0002). Diego Robledo was supported by a FPU fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte of the Spanish Government. Laia Ribas was supported by Aquagenomics and EpigenAqua postdoctoral contract.

The paper's main objective is to analyze the collective bargaining response in terms of internal flexibility during the Great Recession (GR) in five EU countries (Spain, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom), and three economic sectors (industry, commerce and hospitality, and financial services and real estate), at the establishment level (ECS2013 database). The theoretical framework used is linked to the varieties of unionism and to the debate on the tendency towards the international homogenization or heterogenization of collective bargaining between the European Union countries. Using a descriptive statistical analysis and a probit model, this paper presents new evidences. However, the responses were heterogeneous between countries and sectors, the use of internal functional flexibility has been more intense than the numerical and salary internal flexibility. Moreover, it is related to the intensity of GR. These results, in general, while requiring a more detailed analysis of the effects of the GR on internal flexibility in the EU countries, contribute to introducing a new perspective in the socioeconomic literature about the collective bargaining and internal flexibility.

14 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.007.-- Availability of data and materials: All dataset generated during this study are included (in this article and as supplementary information files) or are available in public repositories. Turbot Genome Sequencing data are at NCBI databases (Bioproject: PRJNA631898) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=turbot) and BioProject es PRJNA649485 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/649485; Accessión numbers: SRX8843737, SRX8843739, SRX8843738) ; Background: Understanding sex determination (SD) across taxa is a major challenge for evolutionary biology. The new genomic tools are paving the way to identify genomic features underlying SD in fish, a group frequently showing limited sex chromosome differentiation and high SD evolutionary turnover. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a commercially important flatfish with an undifferentiated ZW/ZZ SD system and remarkable sexual dimorphism. Here we describe a new long-read turbot genome assembly used to disentangle the genetic architecture of turbot SD by combining genomics and classical genetics approaches. Results: The new turbot genome assembly consists of 145 contigs (N50 = 22.9 Mb), 27 of them representing >95% of its estimated genome size. A genome wide association study (GWAS) identified a ~ 6.8 Mb region on chromosome 12 associated with sex in 69.4% of the 36 families analyzed. The highest associated markers flanked sox2, the only gene in the region showing differential expression between sexes before gonad differentiation. A single SNP showed consistent differences between Z and W chromosomes. The analysis of a broad sample of families suggested the presence of additional genetic and/or environmental factors on turbot SD. Conclusions: The new chromosome-level turbot genome assembly, one of the most contiguous fish assemblies to date, facilitated the identification of sox2 as a consistent candidate gene putatively driving SD in this species. This chromosome SD system barely showed any signs of differentiation, and other factors beyond the main QTL seem to control SD in a certain proportion of families ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant: AGL2014-57065-R, by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 81792 (AQUA-FAANG) and by Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional. Xunta de Galicia, Grant number: ED431C 2018/28 ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

One of the most common types of fibrotic liver occurs in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which may develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary fibrogenic cell type activated following liver injury, moving from a quiescent phenotype rich in vitamin A into activated myofibroblast-like cells with proliferative and migratory properties. ; This work has been supported by grants from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (DS and LH: SAF2017-83813-C3-1-R; MLMC: RTC2019-007125-1; CD: BFU2017-87721; ML: RTI2018–101840-B-I00; RN: RTI2018-099413-B-I00 and RED2018-102379-T; MLMC: SAF2017-87301-R; TCD: RTI2018-096759-A-100), Xunta de Galicia (ML: 2016-PG068; RN: 2015-CP080 and 2016-PG057), Fundación BBVA (RN and MLM), Proyectos Investigación en Salud (MLMC: DTS20/00138), Sistema Universitario Vasco (PA: IT971-16); Fundacion Araucaria (ML and RN), Gilead Sciences International Research Scholars Program in Liver Disease (MVR), Marató TV3 Foundation (DS: 201627), Government of Catalonia (DS: 2017SGR278) and European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (RN). This research also received funding from the European Community's H2020 Framework Programme (ERC Synergy Grant-2019-WATCH- 810331, to RN, VP and MS). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd). CIBERobn and CIBERehd are initiatives of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) of Spain which is supported by FEDER funds. We thank MINECO for the Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation to CIC bioGUNE (SEV-2016-0644) ; SI