Partial least squares (PLS) refer to a class of dimension‐reduction techniques aiming at the identification of two sets of components with maximal covariance, to model the relationship between two sets of observed variables and , with . Probabilistic formulations have recently been proposed for several versions of the PLS. Focusing first on the probabilistic formulation of the PLS‐SVD proposed by el Bouhaddani et al., we establish that the constraints on their model parameters are too restrictive and define particular distributions for , under which components with maximal covariance (solutions of PLS‐SVD) are also necessarily of respective maximal variances (solutions of principal components analyses of x and y, respectively). We propose an alternative probabilistic formulation of PLS‐SVD, no longer restricted to these particular distributions. We then present numerical illustrations of the limitation of the original model of el Bouhaddani et al. We also briefly discuss similar limitations in another latent variable model for dimension‐reduction.
Since 2002, France has been strengthening legislation on road traffic. This study is intended to evaluate the changes in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) incidence and mortality resulting from Road Traffic Collision (RTC) in the two 6-year periods before and after 2002. We used a Registry of all RTC casualties in the RhoÃne Department of France. Each casualty was coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The study describes changes in demographic variables, TBI (AIS 2) incidence and mortality, other body lesions (AIS 3)associated with TBI, road user types, seatbelt and helmet wearing. - RTC casualty occurrences decreased by 21% (from 64,312 to 50,746) during the period after 2002. TBI occurrence accounted for 8.6% and 6.7% of all RTC in both periods. This corresponds to a reduction of TBI casualty incidence (-42%), which was much more pronounced than RTC casualty incidence (-25%) (p < 0.0001). Severe and critical TBI (AIS-4and -5) incidences were reduced by half as much (-21%), compared to TBI incidence. TBI mortality rate (among population) and lethality (among TBI related to RTC casualties) decreased 56% and 23%, respectively. This reduction particularly affected car occupants and victims who deceased. TBI incidence decreased 43% in all 10-year age classes until 60 on average, this decrease declining with age in the period after 2002. After adjustment for age, sex, road user types, and severity of lesions at the head and other body regions, logisticregression analysis displayed a protective effect of the period following 2002, on the risk of death after RTC-related TBI. ; Une analyse effectuée à partir des données du Registre du Rhône des victimes du Rhône d'accidents de la circulation routière, porte sur les évolutions dans l'épidémiologie des traumatismes crâniens consécutifs à un accident de la route. En 2002, le Président de la République a décidé d'ériger la sécurité routière en grande cause nationale. Dans ce cadre, une mesure importante est mise en place, « le contrôle sanction automatisé » ...
Since 2002, France has been strengthening legislation on road traffic. This study is intended to evaluate the changes in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) incidence and mortality resulting from Road Traffic Collision (RTC) in the two 6-year periods before and after 2002. We used a Registry of all RTC casualties in the RhoÃne Department of France. Each casualty was coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The study describes changes in demographic variables, TBI (AIS 2) incidence and mortality, other body lesions (AIS 3)associated with TBI, road user types, seatbelt and helmet wearing. - RTC casualty occurrences decreased by 21% (from 64,312 to 50,746) during the period after 2002. TBI occurrence accounted for 8.6% and 6.7% of all RTC in both periods. This corresponds to a reduction of TBI casualty incidence (-42%), which was much more pronounced than RTC casualty incidence (-25%) (p < 0.0001). Severe and critical TBI (AIS-4and -5) incidences were reduced by half as much (-21%), compared to TBI incidence. TBI mortality rate (among population) and lethality (among TBI related to RTC casualties) decreased 56% and 23%, respectively. This reduction particularly affected car occupants and victims who deceased. TBI incidence decreased 43% in all 10-year age classes until 60 on average, this decrease declining with age in the period after 2002. After adjustment for age, sex, road user types, and severity of lesions at the head and other body regions, logisticregression analysis displayed a protective effect of the period following 2002, on the risk of death after RTC-related TBI. ; Une analyse effectuée à partir des données du Registre du Rhône des victimes du Rhône d'accidents de la circulation routière, porte sur les évolutions dans l'épidémiologie des traumatismes crâniens consécutifs à un accident de la route. En 2002, le Président de la République a décidé d'ériger la sécurité routière en grande cause nationale. Dans ce cadre, une mesure importante est mise en place, « le contrôle sanction automatisé » ...
Since 2002, France has been strengthening legislation on road traffic. This study is intended to evaluate the changes in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) incidence and mortality resulting from Road Traffic Collision (RTC) in the two 6-year periods before and after 2002. We used a Registry of all RTC casualties in the RhoÃne Department of France. Each casualty was coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The study describes changes in demographic variables, TBI (AIS 2) incidence and mortality, other body lesions (AIS 3)associated with TBI, road user types, seatbelt and helmet wearing. - RTC casualty occurrences decreased by 21% (from 64,312 to 50,746) during the period after 2002. TBI occurrence accounted for 8.6% and 6.7% of all RTC in both periods. This corresponds to a reduction of TBI casualty incidence (-42%), which was much more pronounced than RTC casualty incidence (-25%) (p < 0.0001). Severe and critical TBI (AIS-4and -5) incidences were reduced by half as much (-21%), compared to TBI incidence. TBI mortality rate (among population) and lethality (among TBI related to RTC casualties) decreased 56% and 23%, respectively. This reduction particularly affected car occupants and victims who deceased. TBI incidence decreased 43% in all 10-year age classes until 60 on average, this decrease declining with age in the period after 2002. After adjustment for age, sex, road user types, and severity of lesions at the head and other body regions, logisticregression analysis displayed a protective effect of the period following 2002, on the risk of death after RTC-related TBI. ; Une analyse effectuée à partir des données du Registre du Rhône des victimes du Rhône d'accidents de la circulation routière, porte sur les évolutions dans l'épidémiologie des traumatismes crâniens consécutifs à un accident de la route. En 2002, le Président de la République a décidé d'ériger la sécurité routière en grande cause nationale. Dans ce cadre, une mesure importante est mise en place, « le contrôle sanction automatisé » ...
Since 2002, France has been strengthening legislation on road traffic. This study is intended to evaluate the changes in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) incidence and mortality resulting from Road Traffic Collision (RTC) in the two 6-year periods before and after 2002. We used a Registry of all RTC casualties in the RhoÃne Department of France. Each casualty was coded according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The study describes changes in demographic variables, TBI (AIS 2) incidence and mortality, other body lesions (AIS 3)associated with TBI, road user types, seatbelt and helmet wearing. - RTC casualty occurrences decreased by 21% (from 64,312 to 50,746) during the period after 2002. TBI occurrence accounted for 8.6% and 6.7% of all RTC in both periods. This corresponds to a reduction of TBI casualty incidence (-42%), which was much more pronounced than RTC casualty incidence (-25%) (p < 0.0001). Severe and critical TBI (AIS-4and -5) incidences were reduced by half as much (-21%), compared to TBI incidence. TBI mortality rate (among population) and lethality (among TBI related to RTC casualties) decreased 56% and 23%, respectively. This reduction particularly affected car occupants and victims who deceased. TBI incidence decreased 43% in all 10-year age classes until 60 on average, this decrease declining with age in the period after 2002. After adjustment for age, sex, road user types, and severity of lesions at the head and other body regions, logisticregression analysis displayed a protective effect of the period following 2002, on the risk of death after RTC-related TBI. ; Une analyse effectuée à partir des données du Registre du Rhône des victimes du Rhône d'accidents de la circulation routière, porte sur les évolutions dans l'épidémiologie des traumatismes crâniens consécutifs à un accident de la route. En 2002, le Président de la République a décidé d'ériger la sécurité routière en grande cause nationale. Dans ce cadre, une mesure importante est mise en place, « le contrôle sanction automatisé » ...
Importance: Soft drinks are frequently consumed, but whether this consumption is associated with mortality risk is unknown and has been understudied in European populations to date. Objective: To examine the association between total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drink consumption and subsequent total and cause-specific mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study involved participants (n = 451 743 of the full cohort) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), an ongoing, large multinational cohort of people from 10 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), with participants recruited between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2000. Excluded participants were those who reported cancer, heart disease, stroke, or diabetes at baseline; those with implausible dietary intake data; and those with missing soft drink consumption or follow-up information. Data analyses were performed from February 1, 2018, to October 1, 2018. Exposure: Consumption of total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drinks. Main Outcomes and Measures Total mortality and cause-specific mortality. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for other mortality risk factors. Results: In total, 521 330 individuals were enrolled. Of this total, 451 743 (86.7%) were included in the study, with a mean (SD) age of 50.8 (9.8) years and with 321 081 women (71.1%). During a mean (range) follow-up of 16.4 (11.1 in Greece to 19.2 in France) years, 41 693 deaths occurred. Higher all-cause mortality was found among participants who consumed 2 or more glasses per day (vs consumers of <1 glass per month) of total soft drinks (hazard ratio [HR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.22; P < .001), sugar-sweetened soft drinks (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16; P = .004), and artificially sweetened soft drinks (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16-1.35; P < .001). Positive associations were also observed between artificially sweetened soft drinks and deaths from circulatory diseases (≥2 glasses per day vs <1 glass per month; HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.30-1.78; P < .001) and between sugar-sweetened soft drinks and deaths from digestive diseases (≥1 glass per day vs <1 glass per month; HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.24-2.05; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that consumption of total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drinks was positively associated with all-cause deaths in this large European cohort; the results are supportive of public health campaigns aimed at limiting the consumption of soft drinks. ; EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) was funded by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, and Nordic Centre of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS) (grant PI13/00061 to Granada, and grant PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (grant 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, and grants C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford) and Medical Research Council (grant 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, and grant MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Dr Mullee's work was supported by an IARC-Ireland Postdoctoral Research Training Fellowship from the Irish Cancer Society. ; publishedVersion
