Suchergebnisse

En 2014 se cumplen sesenta años del primer golpe de Estado pergeñado por la central de inteligencia estadounidense (CIA) en Latinoamérica. En ese momento histórico, en Guatemala, se ensayó un operativo modelo que luego sirvió de inspiración para otros que le sucedieron en el resto de Latinoamérica. El gobierno nacional, popular y democrático de Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán fue su víctima y los golpistas fueron coordinados y apoyados por la CIA: varios embajadores, militares reaccionarios, poderosos empresarios norteamericanos y locales y altos prelados dela Iglesia Católica. Estaconspiración incorporó a América Latina como nuevo escenario dela Guerra Fría.

En 2014 se cumplen sesenta años del primer golpe de Estado pergeñado por la central de inteligencia estadounidense (CIA) en Latinoamérica. En ese momento histórico, en Guatemala, se ensayó un operativo modelo que luego sirvió de inspiración para otros que le sucedieron en el resto de Latinoamérica. El gobierno nacional, popular y democrático de Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán fue su víctima y los golpistas fueron coordinados y apoyados por la CIA: varios embajadores, militares reaccionarios, poderosos empresarios norteamericanos y locales y altos prelados de la Iglesia Católica. Esta conspiración incorporó a América Latina como nuevo escenario de la Guerra Fría.

El Gobierno Provisional emergente del derrocamiento de Perón en 1955, dispuso un profundo cambio en las relaciones económicas internacionales de la Argentina. Abandonando las prácticas bilateralistas que en materia de comercio y pagos con el exterior se mantenían desde 1930, se adoptó una estrategía multilateralista a través de un acuerdo establecido con países de Europa Occidental, organizados en el Club de París en 1956. Des esta manera, se aspiraba a una apertura al comercio internacional que incrementara las exportaciones y a una mayor participación en el mercado de capitales que permitiera mejorar la situación de balance de pagos. Sin embargo, el escenario internacional no resultó el más propicio para la nueva estrategia. El deterioro de los términos del intercambio siguió operando en detrimento de la producción exportable argentina, determinando la caída de sus valores mientras que aumentaban los correspondientes a las importaciones. Por otra parte, hacia 1958, el servicio de la deuda pública habia crecido significativamente y la balanza de pagos se encontraba en una situación más precaria que la dianosticada por las autoridades económicas del Gobierno Provisional al hacerse cargo del poder en 1955.

Defence date: 17 May 2016 ; Examining Board: Professor Árpád Ábrahám, EUI, Supervisor; Professor Piero Gottardi, EUI; Professor Facundo Piguillem, EIEF; Professor César Sosa-Padilla, McMaster University. ; In this thesis I develop two models that bring together macroeconomics and political institutions; these models allow me to draw conclusions about the impact of institutions on economic outcomes, and about the effect of economics on political results. In the first essay, I provide a formal theory that explains the effect of government coalitions on the probability of sovereign default, and the seemingly excessive prevalence of surplus coalitions across the democratic world. In the second essay, I construct a model of an endowment economy in which a leader distributes income, and I show how investments in de facto power enable the leader to significantly increase his tenure in office, while collecting a large share of rents for his private benefit. Throughout the thesis it is assumed that leaders are selfish, and institutions (incentives) are the main determinant of their behavior in power.

Ant-garden ants have a strong relationship with epiphytes that need light to grow, for these reason, it has been previously documented in forest gaps. Moreover, larger gaps have more available area for nesting and habitats for use as forage. Thus we hypothesize that 1) canopy openness influence the presence of ant´s gardens in gaps, and 2) greater gaps will have more nests, and 3) both openness canopy and area determine the colony size in forest gaps. Furthermore, it is known that parabiotic ants foraging on the ground and in vegetation, the nests are arboreal. So, we also hypothesize that 4) parabiotic ants are more often sampled in arboreal strata and 5) increasing vegetation connectivity and the volume of accumulated litter in the soil increase the foraging of the ants in vegetation and ground, respectively, with the increase in canopy openness increasing the activity of the two species in both strata. Presence, number of Ant-gardens, as colony size, was affected by area and locality, but not by canopy openness. Nevertheless, there was not overall difference in the use of strata by Camponotus femoratus, neither by Crematogaster levior. On the other hand, frequency of C. femoratus on the ground decreases with canopy openness but is not affected by the vegetation connectivity. Also, C. levior frequency on the ground also decreases with the increase of complexity of vegetation and canopy openness. In addition, neither vegetation connectivity, or canopy openness influence the frequency of foraging of these ants in understory.

ABSTRACT This project tells about the importance of chatbots and how they contribute to health, where technology is a trend at an encompassed level and where health is paramount in life, for this reason during 2020 it has taken for surprises to countries, developed cities, which had been asleep and now the use of technologies due to the health emergency has awakened with great force. As an objective that was given in the analysis of the importance of chatbot in health during the health emergency, they filled in gaps, where chatbot fulfills a helpful function both for users or patients, which, for those professionals, institutions that made the decision to implement them to benefit the community. This work was carried out to find indications of how chatbot is useful in the medical area, of course, as customer service is its important role because it distributes information in a conversational way, in order to reach these achievements, information gathering methods were used , techniques that allowed to clarify doubts in the city of Jipijapa, with the help of a historical-logical method and surveys carried out to the community that gave the results obtained, in addition it was concluded that chatbots devastate as virtual assistants in health with great feats in the cities such as Spain, Mexico and that in Ecuador also involves importance during the collection of covid-19 infections during the pandemic established as a contribution to health during the Lenin Moreno government. ; El presente proyecto relata sobre la importancia que tiene los chatbot y como estos contribuye en la salud, donde la tecnología es tendencia a un nivel englobado y en donde la salud es lo primordial en la vida, por tal razon durante el año 2020 ha tomado por sorpresas a países, ciudades desarrolladas, que había estado dormido y ahora ha despertado con gran fuerza el uso de las tecnologías por la emergencia sanitaria. Como objetivo que se dieron en el análisis de la importancia que tiene los chatbot en la salud durante la emergencia sanitaria, donde los chatbot cumple una función servicial tanto para los usuarios o pacientes, que, para aquellos profesionales, instituciones que tomaron la decisión de implementarlos para beneficiar a la comunidad. Este trabajo se realizó para encontrar indicios de como los chatbot es útil en el área de medicina, claro está que como atención al cliente es su papel importante porque distribuye la información de manera conversacional, para poder llegar estos alcances se utilizaron métodos de recopilación de información, técnicas que permitió aclarar dudas en la ciudad de Jipijapa, con ayuda de método histórico-lógico y encuestas realizadas a la comunidad que dieron como resultados obtenidos, además se concluyeron que los chatbot arrasa como asistentes virtuales en la salud con grande hazañas en la ciudades como España, México y que en Ecuador también involucra importancia durante la recopilación de contagios del covid-19 durante la pandemia establecida como contribución a la salud durante el gobierno Lenin Moreno.

Ants are ecologically dominant and have been used as valuable bio-indicators of environmental change or disturbance being used in monitoring inventories. However, the majority of inventories has concentrated in ground-dwelling ant fauna disregarding the arboreal fauna. This paper aimed to list the ant species collected both on the ground and in the vegetation of the Parque Estadual do Cristalino, an important protected site in the center of the southern Amazon. Moreover, we compared the composition of the ground dwelling and vegetation foraging ants. Was sampled 203 species distributed among 23 genera and eight subfamilies, wherein 35 species had not yet been reported in the literature for Mato Grosso State. As expected, the abundance and richness of ants was higher on the ground than in the understory. Also, the ant assemblages composition was different between these habitats (with only 20% occurring in both). It indicate that complementary methods which include arboreal and terrestrial ants are indicated for efficient inventory. This study provides an inventory of the arboreal and ground ant fauna contributing to the knowledge and conservation of ant fauna of the Amazonian.

The Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and myrmecologists broadly study its numerous habitats. Even so, much of its biodiversity remains to be discovered, and the choice of collection methods and habitats to be explored directly affect the results obtained, especially in the case of species with cryptic habits, such as Cylindromyrmex ants. The ant subfamily Dorylinae has 11 genera registered in the Neotropics, with Cylindromyrmex Mayr, 1870 being a lineage to the region. The present study reports new records of three Cylindromyrmex species in 13 municipalities located in the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. It also describes the effect of sampling techniques and habitats on species records. The 78 examined herein specimens belong to the species C. brasiliensis Emery, 1901, C. brevitarsus Santschi, 1925, and C. longiceps André, 1892, and were collected manually or with Malaise traps. Records are distributed along the Espírito Santo state, with a tendency towards higher records in municipalities with mountainous habitats. All records in this region of the Atlantic Forest are associated with the hottest months and with the highest rainfall, suggesting a possible preference for nuptial flights in the summer. Most records of the three Cylindromyrmex species occurred in forested areas (93%), whereas few records belong to urban areas (7%). Although manual collections and Malaise traps are not widely used in research or surveys of ant diversity, these techniques could potentially reveal essential findings for ant ecology.

Entre as interações mutualísticas envolvendo formigas e plantas, o exemplo mais complexo conhecido chama-se jardins de formigas. Nesta interação, as formigas constroem o ninho na vegetação, plantam sementes de epífitas e as protegem, quando crescem. Em troca, as epífitas controlam a umidade do ninho, oferecem estrutura para o seu crescimento e alimento para as formigas. Neste artigo, contextualizamos e situamos o leitor quanto à interação mutulística denominada de jardins de formigas, compilamos informações disponíveis na literatura e trazemos dados de pesquisas ainda não publicadas, mas em andamento, sobre este assunto.

The Atlantic Forest is the third largest biome in Brazil, the most sampled, and has the second highest diversity of ant species described. However, these data are spatially very heterogeneous, with the central region of the Atlantic Forest being better sampled. There is a visible gap from the south of Bahia to the north of Rio de Janeiro, comprising the entire state of Espírito Santo. Knowing this biodiversity gap, in this work, we list the ant fauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) deposited in the Coleção Entomológica of the Reserva Natural Vale (CERNV), located in the municipality of Linhares, Espírito Santo. The CERNV has 143 ants collected from August 1984, belonging to 63 species, 29 genera, and eight subfamilies. Of the 143 records, 94 are ant workers (66%), 27 queens (19%), and 22 males (15%). Seventy three percent of the ant workers are identified, 52% of queens and 36% of males. The species with the most individuals deposited are Camponotus sp. (15 records), Eciton burchellii (8), Atta sexdens (7), Neoponera villosa (7), and Solenopsis sp. (6). Among the identified ants, 12 species were recorded for the first time in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The collection still holds workers (and probably unidentified males) of a species considered endangered, Dinoponera lucida. We can observe the importance of biological collections for the knowledge of biodiversity, local and regional since species are recorded for the first time in a state whose biome is widely studied, helping to fill in Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls.

Ants and dung beetles are widely used in monitoring biodiversity and are considered excellent environmental indicators. Although the pitfall trap is the most commonly used method to sample dung beetles and ants in ecological studies, beetles are usually sampled using dung‐baited pitfall traps while ants are sampled using un‐baited pitfalls. In the protocol for collecting the beetles it is necessary to have attractive baits in pitfalls. In order to minimize collection effort and costs and to facilitate logistics, it is necessary to determine if there is an effect of the baits on the biodiversity of ants collected in the same traps. Therefore, the objective of this work was to find out whether baited pitfalls could replace conventional pitfalls for the capture of ants. In a total of 42 areas of native habitat, three baited pitfall traps and three without bait were installed, all in the same transect, equidistant ten meters and in activity for 48 hours. In total, 150 species were collected, of which 131 were recorded in non‐baited pitfalls and 107 in baited pitfalls. Traps without bait contributed to 28% of the total number of species captured in this study, whereas pitfalls with bait contributed only to 12% of the total species caught. However, 60% of the total species were captured regardless of the method. In addition to the loss of species among the types of traps, the effect of the method modifies the species composition. We concluded that depending on the type of study, a small decrease in the number of species and change in the composition can influence the results. Thus, we recommend that baited pitfalls should not replace conventional pitfalls.Palavras-chave: Método de coleta; Protocolo de coleta; Desenho da amostra; Esforço de amostragem.