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Today Brazil is the world's second leading source of cotton, reprising the role it played for a brief time in the early 19th century. But this history of its production is a complex one of both growth and stagnation, and includes profound changes in the types of cotton exported and where and how it was produced. It went from being a product of small farmers to one grown primarily on large estates. Our essay explores these changes over time and offers an analysis of how production shifted from the Northeast to the Southeast and ended finally in the Center-West of the country and why it went from a being net importer of cotton to a major exporter in just the past thirty years.

This article details the origins and evolution of the Brazilian welfare system from the time of the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas through the military regimes of 1964-1985. Brazil's case is fairly unusual in that its construction of the welfare state was created by non-democratic governments. This top down approach we argue responded to government needs to provide for a modern working class for a newly industrializing nation and to control popular protest and generate support. Yet for all its authoritarian origins and structure, much of the system which was created has survived into the post-military era, with only modest change of emphasis, and is today the basis for Brazil's social welfare state. ; Este artículo detalla los orígenes y la evolución del sistema de protección social brasileño desde la época del Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas hasta los regímenes militares de 1964 a 1985. El caso de Brasil es bastante inusual, ya que el Estado de Bienestar fue creado por gobiernos no democráticos. Este enfoque de arriba hacia abajo respondió a las necesidades del gobierno tanto de satisfacer las demandas de una clase trabajadora moderna en un país de reciente industrialización como de controlar protestas populares y concitar apoyo. A pesar de sus orígenes y su estructura autoritaria, gran parte de este sistema ha sobrevivido en la era post-militar, siendo hoy, con modestos cambios de énfasis, la base del Estado de Bienestar brasileño.