Suchergebnisse

Nous connaissons tous la Chine, son bond économique et sa croissance redoutable. Cependant la démographie élevée ainsi que de nombreux autres facteurs socio-politiques font des villes chinoises du XXIe siècle des cités verticales. Ce mémoire rapporte d'un point de vue historique, urbanistique et architectural le développement des villes chinoises vers les hauteurs.

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre ...

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre ...

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre ...

The quantification and characterisation of hydrological and sedimentary transfers are now major challenges, not only in terms of knowledge of hydrosystems way of functioning, but also for the management of the environment and its natural resources. Indeed, the consequences associated with these transfers can be catastrophic for land ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity as well as for people, when they are accompanied by transfers of pollutants, flooding or pollution. These are so many issues critical to preserving and restoring water resources and soils that are now one of the government's environmental priorities (Law on Water; Water Framework Directive, WFD). While there are questions on watercourse and watersheds managements, we conducted a study focussed on typical feature for low-energy water system (<15 W/m²) in a large quarter of NW France, much less documented than in the southern part of the country, subject to transfers and specifically high levels of erosion rates. Indeed, if studies have attempted to assess the degree of soil erosion at the plot scale, to analyze the dynamics of runoff on slopes or to quantify the volume of sediment exported from watersheds, it remains difficult to analyze sediment dynamics into the catchment. Therefore, to improve the knowledge of these systems and to go beyond the "black box" study of the way of the catchment works, a network monitoring suspended sediment transfers was set up in the Seulles watershed (430-km²), representative of hydrosystems observed in Lower-Normandy. It has monitored SS fluxes for several years in different geological, geomorphological contexts and landscapes and identified the role of interlocking scales on the spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment transfers. Moreover, the identification of sediments in the basin and the prioritization of the contributions of each source provide nested sediment budgets. These studies lead the Seulles basin to become the first regional observatory of sediment transfers. ; L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

Anticipation of future events has long been at the heart of economic activity. Identification & management of risk have become critical factors within any enterprise, & faced with the central importance of rate of return to any undertaking, numerous approaches have emerged to help in the management of risk. This article surveys some of the general concepts that have given rise to the over-arching notion of knowledge management, described here as the capacity to adapt totality of available information to the most sensible approach into a situation. Adapted from the source document.