Suchergebnisse

Since the end of the Second World War, the ruling paradigm pertaining to international trade policy has been 'fostering liberalization of trade and economic integration.' The paradigm evolved through a convergence of a variety of different forces and has been a constant for approximately seventy years. The European Union (EU) is very much a product of the acceptance of the paradigm. The institutional arrangements of the EU have elements that foster achievement of the paradigm's goals. In the last few years, however, acceptance of the paradigm may be waning. The inability to make substantial progress in the World Trade Organization's Doha Round is one indication. The EU itself is facing issues in ratifying certain aspects which the Commission negotiated at the bilateral level. Additionally, the deep trade agenda interferes in domestic politics. A question remains regarding how the EU has and will change its trade policy strategy in order to successfully achieve its international agenda for issues that have become more and more important for the EU societies.

"Is the EU a force of convergence in the world? Standardizing the World offers a comprehensive assessment of the EU's efforts to standardize a wide array of economic, political, and social aspects of life through its trade agreements across the globe. A group of leading experts offers analyses of the most important issue areas: social and labor rights, the environment, investments, intellectual property, rule of law and anti-corruption, agriculture and food quality, services, public procurement, sustainable development, digital commerce, and more. Trading initiatives with major partners are considered: Mercosur, South Korea, Japan, the United States, Canada, India and Eastern European countries. Those with smaller trading partners are also considered, including Vietnam and Central American countries. The volume reports four key findings. First, EU agreements contain significant standardizing content that often includes but extends beyond preexisting international standards as set by the WTO and other entities. Second, the standardizing principles are specific and granular, yet overall tend toward a measured and socially-minded approach to trade and capitalism. Third, while the EU is quite successful at advancing its worldviews, in several cases - both across policy areas and when it comes to specific partners - the results speak to compromises or even failures to reach agreement. Fourth, even in cases where the EU shows considerable success, the resulting outcomes do not always amount to a consistent pattern. Taken together, the findings paint a picture of a dynamic EU capable of projecting its worldviews across the globe that is nonetheless not always consistent or successful. Multiple explanations, from institutionalist to political economy and identity-driven ones, help explain the observable patterns. The volume closes with reflections on the broader impacts of EU trade policy beyond its formal trade agreements, the global competition for standards, the options of unilateralism and mutual recognition, the challenges presented by China, and the overall place of the EU in the world"--

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), if and when it occurs, will likely imply that Canada must conclude a new bilateral trade agreement with the UK. In the light of recent trends towards an increasing politicization of trade negotiations, this policy brief assesses in which respects a Canada-UK agreement could become politically controversial. Drawing on explanations for the politicization of recent trade deals, it identifies potential flashpoints for political conflict in the Canada-UK trade relationship. It then discusses which options policy makers have to channel trade-related controversies into the policy process in a way that contributes to inclusive and evidence-based public debates.