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[Abstract] This article focuses on the idea that intervention in the labour market through the suspension of labour rights and freedoms, fear and a fall in purchasing power all played a key role in achieving political and economic objectives in the regimes of Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin. However, in each of these cases, the success of this policy was not as had been expected. These European experiences were essential for the configuration of the labour framework in the Franco dictatorship. The iron-fisted control of the labour market came to Spain through legal texts and institutions that were in many cases a blatant copy of those applied in Italy and Germany. In spite of the ideological distance between them, we can also find some common traits with Stalin's labour policies. The results obtained were even worse for Spain, and the negative effects on the economy were more serious, due to the greater longevity of the Spanish dictatorship

[Resumen] El mercado de trabajo ha adquirido un creciente protagonismo en los recientes debates políticos, económicos y mediáticos para explicar las elevadas tasas de desempleo y las dificultades para recuperar la senda del crecimiento económico en la economía española. Pero la mayoría de los argumentos utilizados resultan algo miopes al olvidar la perspectiva histórica. Partiendo de esta idea, este trabajo invita a reflexionar sobre tres cuestiones principales: analizar las características básicas del funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo durante los casi cuarenta años de dictadura franquista; analizar las herencias laborales del franquismo y los cambios producidos en el mercado de trabajo durante la etapa democrática; y, por último, reflexionar sobre el grado de responsabilidad del mercado laboral en las dificultades de la economía española a principios del siglo XXI. [Abstract:]Labour market has gained increasing protagonism in recent political debates, economic and media to explain the high rates of unemployment and the difficulties in recovering the path of economic growth in the Spanish economy. But most of these arguments are somewhat shortsighted because they usually forget the historical perspective. With this in mind, this work aims to think about three main issues. First, it analyzes the basic characteristics of the labour market for almost forty years of Franco's dictatorship. Second, it analyzes the labour legacies of dictatorship and the changes in the labour market during the democratic period. Third, it attempts to question to what extent labour market is responsible for the difficulties of the Spanish economy in the early XXIst century.

[Resumen:]El objetivo de este artículo persigue analizar el estrecho vínculo entre el peculiar sistema político de la Restauración y el desarrollo del turismo balneario en el noroeste de España entre 1874 y 1936. Se trata de entender cómo los balnearios de lujo en Galicia se convirtieron en lugares de reclamo para captar una selecta clientela, determinante para promocionar turísticamente la zona o para conseguir contactos que garantizasen el éxito de otros negocios o carreras políticas. Con este fin, los políticos y empresarios gallegos más relevantes de la época impulsaron estrategias diversas en torno al sector turístico, utilizando las redes de influencias y/o el arte de la política. [Abstract]:The aim of this article analyzes the close link between the peculiar political system of the Restoration and the development of the spa tourism in the northwest corner of Spain between 1874 and 1936. The main focus is to understand how the luxury spas in Galicia became strategic places to attract exclusive clients with the purpose of promoting tourism in the area or having contacts to ensure the success for other businesses or political careers. To this end, the most important politicians and businessmen in Galicia at that time promoted several strategies around tourism sector by using a network of influences and/or going into politics.

El objetivo de este artículo persigue analizar el estrecho vínculo entre el peculiar sistema político de la Restauración y el desarrollo del turismo balneario en el noroeste de España entre 1874 y 1936. Se trata de entender cómo los balnearios de lujo en Galicia se convirtieron en lugares de reclamo para captar una selecta clientela, determinante para promocionar turísticamente la zona o para conseguir contactos que garantizasen el éxito de otros negocios o carreras políticas. Con este fin, los políticos y empresarios gallegos más relevantes de la época impulsaron estrategias diversas en torno al sector turístico, utilizando las redes de influencias y/o el arte de la política. ; The aim of this article analyzes the close link between the peculiar political system of the Restoration and the development of the spa tourism in the northwest corner of Spain between 1874 and 1936. The main focus is to understand how the luxury spas in Galicia became strategic places to attract exclusive clients with the purpose of promoting tourism in the area or having contacts to ensure the success for other businesses or political careers. To this end, the most important politicians and businessmen in Galicia at that time promoted several strategies around tourism sector by using a network of influences and/or going into politics.

Abstract
Sickness insurance companies were developed in Spain by doctors and healthcare professionals, remaining outside the interests of general insurance companies. Their management was hardly professional, with limited actuarial techniques and they only accounted for a small percentage of total insurance business premiums. From the 1970s onwards, various factors changed this situation, driving processes of concentration, with numerous takeovers and mergers, first reducing the number of local and regional companies to the benefit of companies of national scope. Subsequently, the growth in demand for this type of coverage sparked the interest of national general insurance companies and multinationals, leading to a restructuring of the sector which has progressively acquired greater weight within the insurance business and become increasingly internationalised. This last stage immersed the health sector in Spain in the great processes of globalisation of the sector, characterised by a financialisation of capital promoted by the bank investment funds. These processes are little known and are the focus of analysis of this paper, with the aim of enabling comparison at international level.

This article discusses the role of employers and their organizations in promoting or hindering social insurance schemes and, ultimately, the welfare state. Unlike most studies that center on countries in periods of democracy, this research focuses on the role of employers, and specifically employers' mutuals, in the development of the industrial accident scheme during the Franco dictatorship in Spain. The institutional elimination of the class struggle, by repressing the working class and prohibiting class-based unions, led to an evolution of the industrial accident scheme and employers' liabilities that revolved around the interrelationship between employers and the state. While employers tried to keep control of the management and low cost of the insurance, the state maintained significant bureaucratic intervention and increased auditing and control. The democratic period that began in 1977 prolonged the structure fostered during the Franco regime and enhanced the power of the mutuals in managing this insurance.

[Abstract]: This paper analyses the roots of the creation of the Catalan hospital model, based on a preponderance of privately owned hospitals and beds over those of public provision. In particular, on the basis of new statistical and documentary sources and a review of the existing historiography, this study reinterprets the keys that shaped this historical model during what is considered to be a strategic period of the process, 1870-1935. In the late nineteenth century, hospitals dependent on provincial authorities became private charity institutions in the provincial capitals, under the control of the medical and economic elites (a decisive process in the case of the city of Barcelona). Later, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the Second Republic, institutional impetus helped foster a system of district hospitals intended to meet the public demand for a network of public utility hospitals. This network was made up the few publicly owned hospitals and numerous privately owned ones. The philosophy of this model was taken up again during the transition to democracy after responsibility for healthcare was devolved to the Government of Catalonia 1981.

This paper analyses the roots of the creation of the Catalan hospital model, based on a preponderance of privately owned hospitals and beds over those of public provision. In particular, on the basis of new statistical and documentary sources and a review of the existing historiography, this study reinterprets the keys that shaped this historical model during what is considered to be a strategic period of the process, 1870-1935. In the late nineteenth century, hospitals dependent on provincial authorities became private charity institutions in the provincial capitals, under the control of the medical and economic elites (a decisive process in the case of the city of Barcelona). Later, during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the Second Republic, institutional impetus helped foster a system of district hospitals intended to meet the public demand for a network of public utility hospitals. This network was made up the few publicly owned hospitals and numerous privately owned ones. The philosophy of this model was taken up again during the transition to democracy after responsibility for healthcare was devolved to the Government of Catalonia 1981.

Los hospitales municipales y provinciales representaron un papel clave en la configuración histórica del sistema hospitalario en España hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Su papel estratégico en la beneficencia del siglo XIX para la cobertura de los pobres se modificó con el avance y la configuración del hospital moderno ubicado en nuevos edificios y técnicas de gestión, con una estructura interna jerarquizada y avances en ámbito diagnóstico-terapéutico para la cobertura de cada vez más porcentaje de población. Partiendo de esta idea, este trabajo se centra en el estudio histórico de las infraestructuras hospitalarias públicas vinculadas a los municipios y diputaciones en España con dos objetivos. De un lado, trata de analizar cómo se configuraron, qué servicios prestaron y cómo afrontaron su financiación hasta la dictadura de Franco. De otro, aborda los efectos que tuvo la puesta en marcha del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad (SOE), en 1944, y la construcción de su propia red de hospitales, conocidos como residencias sanitarias, en el funcionamiento y supervivencia de estas viejas infraestructuras municipales y provinciales. Finalmente se analiza su práctica desaparición tras la cesión de las competencias sanitarias en la transición democrática. ; Municipal and provincial hospitals played a key role in the historical creation of the hospital system in Spain until the second half of the 20th century. Their strategic role in coverage of the poor under the 19th century charity system gradually changed with the creation of the modern hospital, located in new buildings and with innovative management techniques, which had a hierarchical internal structure and implemented advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic field. These helped to provide coverage to an increasingly large segment of thepopulation. With this background, this paper focuses on a historical study of the public hospital structures linked to municipalities and provincial councils with specific objectives. First, it analyses how they were set up and organized, the services they provided, and how they were financed up to the Franco dictatorship. Second, it examines how the functioning and survival of the old municipal and provincial infrastructures were affected by the implementation of compulsory sickness insurance in 1944 and the construction of an accompanying network of hospitals known as «residencias sanitarias», Finally, it analyses their practical disappearance after the transfer of responsibility for health care during the transition to democracy.

Los hospitales municipales y provinciales representaron un papel clave en la configuración histórica del sistema hospitalario en España hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Su papel estratégico en la beneficencia del siglo XIX para la cobertura de los pobres se modificó con el avance y la configuración del hospital moderno ubicado en nuevos edificios y técnicas de gestión, con una estructura interna jerarquizada y avances en ámbito diagnóstico-terapéutico para la cobertura de cada vez más porcentaje de población. Partiendo de esta idea, este trabajo se centra en el estudio histórico de las infraestructuras hospitalarias públicas vinculadas a los municipios y diputaciones en España con dos objetivos. De un lado, trata de analizar cómo se configuraron, qué servicios prestaron y cómo afrontaron su financiación hasta la dictadura de Franco. De otro, aborda los efectos que tuvo la puesta en marcha del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad (SOE), en 1944, y la construcción de su propia red de hospitales, conocidos como residencias sanitarias, en el funcionamiento y supervivencia de estas viejas infraestructuras municipales y provinciales. Finalmente se analiza su práctica desaparición tras la cesión de las competencias sanitarias en la transición democrática. ; Municipal and provincial hospitals played a key role in the historical creation of the hospital system in Spain until the second half of the 20th century. Their strategic role in coverage of the poor under the 19th century charity system gradually changed with the creation of the modern hospital, located in new buildings and with innovative management techniques, which had a hierarchical internal structure and implemented advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic field. These helped to provide coverage to an increasingly large segment of the population. With this background, this paper focuses on a historical study of the public hospital structures linked to municipalities and provincial councils with specific objectives. First, it analyses how they were set up and organized, the services they provided, and how they were financed up to the Franco dictatorship. Second, it examines how the functioning and survival of the old municipal and provincial infrastructures were affected by the implementation of compulsory sickness insurance in 1944 and the construction of an accompanying network of hospitals known as "residencias sanitarias", Finally, it analyses their practical disappearance after the transfer of responsibility for health care during the transition to democracy.

Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto titulado «Las claves históricas del desarrollo hospitalario en España y su comparación internacional durante el siglo XX» (referencia: RTI2018-094676-B-I00), financiado por FEDER y el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación. ; En conjunto, en estos cinco trabajos tejidos desde un enfoque multidisciplinar encontramos diferentes análisis sobre el desarrollo del sistema hospitalario en España que nos permiten entender su complejidad y diversidad. Estos diferentes tipos de hospitales cumplieron funciones diversas según la etapa histórica y el territorio analizado y tuvieron diferente suerte en su adaptación al proceso de modernización de la atención hospitalaria y en su capacidad para afrontar la competencia del sistema público hospitalario y las compañías privadas. Además, estas aportaciones nos permiten completar algunos de los factores determinantes de este proceso histórico y señalar las diferencias y similitudes del caso español con otros países de nuestro entorno. Son todos los que están, pero no están todos los que son; somos conscientes de las lagunas. El dossier no incluye ningún estudio sobre los hospitales benéficos privados, las conocidas como residencias sanitarias de la Seguridad Social, hospitales militares o los hospitales religiosos, entre otros. Sobre las tres últimas tipologías contamos con estudios bastante completos de publicación reciente 26; sobre el estudio en el largo plazo de los hospitales benéficos privados, creemos que la historiografía tiene una deuda pendiente que algún día deseamos cubrir. Inmersos en una pandemia, somos conscientes de la importancia de nuestro sistema hospitalario del que dependen cada día muchas vidas. ; RTI2018-094676-B-I00 FEDER y el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación

Este trabajo pretende reconstruir la evolución histórica del sector balneario en España, una actividad clave para entender los orígenes del turismo, en general, y el desarrollo del turismo de salud, belleza y bienestar, en particular. La utilización de nueva evidencia cuantitativa nos permitirá completar investigaciones previas y analizar cómo el sector pasó por tres claras etapas desde 1874 hasta la actualidad. La primera etapa, conocida como la belle époque balnearia, se caracterizó como un periodo próspero en el que convivieron villas termales de lujo destinadas al veraneo de las elites sociales con establecimientos más modestos asequibles para amplias capas de población. Durante la Guerra Civil y la Dictadura franquista el sector experimentó una profunda crisis en un contexto donde triunfó el turismo de sol y playa. En las últimas décadas del siglo xx el sector renació bajo un nuevo paradigma que ha abierto las puertas a una exitosa etapa del turismo termal.