Suchergebnisse

The intensification of trade between countries has led to the need to regulate the conduct of trading partners. The World Trade Organization (WTO) forum emerged with the mission of arbitrating these disputes and making trade fairer. However, many countries choose not to participate in this forum because of the financial and legal resources required to conduct the proceedings. The purpose of this research was to verify how the relations within the WTO were configurated in 2014. We identified the dichotomy between central and emerging countries through the concept of forum shopping. The most important actors in the network were shown to be the United States and the European Union, whereas small economies had low participation, especially African and Central American countries. Thus, this study shows that many WTO's members do not use its forum, which allows inferring they choose regional forums due to the restriction of resources. ; La intensificación del comercio entre los países ha llevado a la necesidad de regular la conducta de los socios comerciales. El foro de la Organización Mundial del Comercio surgió con la misión de arbitrar esas disputas y hacer el comercio más justo. Sin embargo, muchos países optan por no participar en ese foro a causa de los recursos financieros y legales necesarios para conducir el proceso. El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar cómo las relaciones dentro de la OMC se configuraron en 2014. Identificamos la dicotomía entre países centrales y emergentes a través del concepto de forum shopping. Los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea se revelaron como los actores más importantes de la red, mientras que las economías pequeñas tuvieron baja participación, especialmente países de África y Centroamérica. Así, este estudio muestra que muchos miembros de la OMC no utilizan su foro, lo que permite inferir su elección de foros regionales debido a la restricción de recursos. ; A intensificação do comércio entre os países levou à necessidade de regular a conduta dos parceiros comerciais. O fórum da Organização Mundial do Comércio surgiu com a missão de arbitrar essas disputas e tornar o comércio mais justo. No entanto, muitos países optam por não participar daquele fórum por causa dos recursos financeiros e legais necessários para conduzir o processo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como as relações dentro da OMC se configuraram em 2014. Identificamos a dicotomia entre países centrais e emergentes através do conceito de forum shopping. Os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia se revelaram como os atores mais importantes da rede, enquanto as economias pequenas tiveram baixa participação, especialmente países da África e da América Central. Assim, este estudo mostra que muitos membros da OMC não utilizam seu fórum, o que permite inferir sua escolha de fóruns regionais devido à restrição de recursos.

Ao abordar o campo de gestão de operações e logística é preciso entender que a área, antes vista como responsiva e em níveis operacionais, ganha status estratégico e passa a ser vista como possibilidade mais central, enquanto fonte de vantagem competitiva. Devido as mudanças nas abordagens sobre o campo de pesquisa da área apresenta-se como problema de pesquisa a seguinte questão: qual espaço a área de gestão de operações e logística possui em publicações acadêmicas? Objetiva-se com o presente artigo apresentar o campo editorial em gestão de operações e logística, bem como os principais pesquisadores. Metodologicamente a primeira fonte de dados utilizada foi um estudo bibliométrico (Walter et al, 2012), reunindo as publicações na área de logística do EnANPAD entre os períodos de 1997 a 2011. A segunda fonte de dados foi construída pelos autores, através da análise de artigos da área de gestão em operações e logística.

Abstract

[Background]: A key challenge for conservation biology in the Neotropics is to understand how deforestation affects biodiversity at various levels of landscape fragmentation. Addressing this challenge requires expanding the coverage of known biodiversity data, which remain to date restricted to a few well-surveyed regions. Here, we assess the sampling coverage and biases in biodiversity data on fruit-feeding butterflies at the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, discussing their effect on our understanding of the relationship between forest fragmentation and biodiversity at a large-scale. We hypothesize that sampling effort is biased towards large and connected fragments, which occur jointly in space at the Atlantic forest. ; [Methods]: We used a comprehensive dataset of Atlantic Forest fruit-feeding butterfly communities to test for sampling biases towards specific geographical areas, climate conditions and landscape configurations. ; [Results]: We found a pattern of geographical aggregation of sampling sites, independently of scale, and a strong sampling bias towards large and connected forest fragments, located near cities and roads. Sampling gaps are particularly acute in small and disconnected forest fragments and rare climate conditions. In contrast, currently available data can provide a fair picture of fruit-feeding butterfly communities in large and connected Atlantic Forest remnants. ; [Discussion]: Biased data hamper the inference of the functional relationship between deforestation and biodiversity at a large-scale, since they are geographically clustered and have sampling gaps in small and disconnected fragments. These data are useful to inform decision-makers regarding conservation efforts to curb biodiversity loss in the Atlantic Forest. Thus, we suggest to expand sampling effort to small and disconnected forest fragments, which would allow more accurate evaluations of the effects of landscape modification. ; Thadeu Sobral-Souza, Juliana Stropp and Jessie Pereira Santos were supported by CNPq PDJ grants #151003/2018-1, #152816/2016-0 and # 150178/2019-0, respectively. Juliana Stropp and Joaquín Hortal also benefited from the European Union's research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action (grant agreement # 843234; project TAXON-TIME). The authors' meeting was supported by Profa. Dra. Rosane Collevatti by Procad/CAPES (project # 88881.068425/2014-01). We also acknowledge institutional support from the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the Unit of Information Resources for Research at the "Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas" (CSIC) for the article-processing charges contribution. ; Peer reviewed

Land ownership shapes natural resource management and social-ecological resilience, but the factors determining ownership norms in human societies remain unclear. Here we conduct a global empirical test of long-standing theories from ecology, economics and anthropology regarding potential drivers of land ownership and territoriality. Prior theory suggests that resource defensibility, subsistence strategies, population pressure, political complexity and cultural transmission mechanisms may all influence land ownership. We applied multi-model inference procedures based on logistic regression to cultural and environmental data from 102 societies, 71 with some form of land ownership and 31 with no land ownership. We found an increased probability of land ownership in mountainous environments, where patchy resources may be more cost effective to defend via ownership. We also uncovered support for the role of population pressure, with a greater probability of land ownership in societies living at higher population densities. Our results also show more land ownership when neighboring societies also practiced ownership. We found less support for variables associated with subsistence strategies and political complexity. ; This study was funded by The National Science Foundation (award 1519987).

Abstract