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El texto, que tiene como fondo una investigación sobre las élites intelectuales y los imaginarios sobre la identidad en la Antioquia del siglo XIX, presenta una mirada panorámica sobre los oficios y las profesiones en el Medellín decimonónico, basada en autores contemporáneos, en relatos de viajeros, en periódicos y revistas y en cronistas de la región. A partir de allí, se observa la forma como las élites controlaron la producción de riqueza, dirigieron el aparato político, establecieron una red de alianzas matrimoniales y se encargaron de la difusión de las ideas dominantes gracias a la organización de homenajes, tertulias e instituciones educativas, periodísticas y culturales como colegios, universidades, academias, bibliotecas, imprentas y librerías. En ese contexto se muestra la presencia del "proyecto civilizador" de las élites, es decir, de la difusión del ideal modernizador que caracterizó la historia de Occidente en la época estudiada y se insinúan los procesos que finalmente dieron nacimiento a la invención de la idea de "raza antioqueña" ; The purpose of the text, as an investigation on the intellectual elites and the "imaginary identity" in Antioquia in the nineteenth century, presents a panoramic view on the offices and the professions in Medellín, based on contemporary authors, stories of travelers, newspapers, magazines and chroniclers of the region. From this point of view, it is observed the manner in which the elites controlled the production of wealth, directed the political apparatus, established a network of marriage alliances and thanks to the organization of tributes, educative, journalistic and cultural social gatherings and institutions such as schools, universities, academies, libraries, the presses and bookstores, were in charge of the diffusion of the dominant ideas. In that context the presence of the "civilizing project" of the elites is shown, that is to say, the diffusion of the modernizing ideal that characterized the history of West during the period of the research, and the processes that finally gave birth to the invention of the idea of the "antioqueña race" are insinuated

Based on archival evidence, this text opens the horizon of interpretations of the ideological-political presence of the so-called European Enlightenment in America. Thus, we speak of illustrated languages and consider other illustrations that permeated mo ; A partir de evidencias archivísticas, este texto abre el horizonte de interpretaciones sobre la presencia ideológico–política de la llamada Ilustración europea en América. Así, se habla de lenguajes ilustrados y se consideran otras ilustraciones que perme

En este artículo, se analiza la documentación producida por autores franceses o afrancesados, en la cual América y sus procesos de independencia, en particular los hispanoamericanos, ocupan un lugar central. Se localiza un importante corpus documental que incluye libros e impresos periódicos. Algunos de ellos fueron de uso en las escuelas primarias y secundarias francesas, otros circularon entre académicos y profesores universitarios. También se analizan algunos textos provenientes de conmemoraciones americanistas, como discursos de legatarios o personalidades con prestigio político o científico, y textos literarios que concursaron en variados eventos vinculados con las celebraciones y conmemoraciones de la Independencia. A partir de ellos, se proponen cinco ejes de reflexión: primero, desde la perspectiva de las representaciones sociales, políticas y culturales de las independencias hispanoamericanas, donde las preocupaciones investigativas están orientadas a lo que se dice que pasó y menos a lo que pasó. Segundo, la reiteración de la categoría influencia para pensar las relaciones decimonónicas entre América y Francia subraya la originalidad de las ideas ilustradas y la Revolución Francesa; en cambio, las revoluciones hispanoamericanas representarían una de sus consecuencias más o menos distorsionada a este lado del Atlántico. Tercero, el lenguaje hermenéutico de lo que se dice que pasó instituyó mitos políticos modernos, asociados directamente con una revolución exitosa, igualitaria, libertaria y fraterna. Cuarto, en el contexto planetario de las dinámicas de modernización política, "lo francés" debe ser pensado como una parte de los procesos de mundialización de la modernidad. Quinto, el examen social y cultural de la producción intelectual presentada permite una mirada crítica a las historias nacionales (Francia, Colombia, España, México, etc.) o continentales (Europa, América, Latinoamérica, etc.), de tal forma que se puedan comprender mejor los procesos de modernización. ; This paper analyzes documents produced by French or Frenchified authors, in which America and its independence processes, particularly Spanish-American processes, occupy center stage. An important documentary corpus was found including books and periodicals. Some of these materials were used in French primary and secondary schools, others circulated among scholars and university professors. Some texts from Americanist acts of commemoration are also analyzed, such as speeches by legatees or personalities with political or scientific prestige, as well as literary texts that competed in a variety of events related to Independence celebrations and acts of commemorations. Based on these documents, five lines of reflection are proposed. First, from the perspective of social, political and cultural representations of Spanish-American independence processes, the research interest is focused more on what is said to have happened and less on what actually happened. Second, the reiteration of the category of influence to approach the nineteenth-century relations between America and France highlights the originality of the Enlightenment ideas and the French Revolution; by contrast, the Spanish-American revolutions would represent one of its consequences, more or less distorted on this side of the Atlantic. Third, the hermeneutic language of what is said to have happened created modern political myths, directly linked with a successful, egalitarian, libertarian and fraternal revolution. Fourth, in the world context of political modernization dynamics, "the French" should be construed as a part of modernity globalization processes. Fifth, the social and cultural examination of the intellectual production considered here sheds a critical light on national (France, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, etc.) or continental (Europe, America, Latin America, etc.) histories, which allows modernization-related processes to be better understood.

This text reflects on the history of criminal codification in nineteenth-century Colombia and demonstrates that in this process there was a varied presence of European and American intellectual influences. The results are presented in two sections: one on ; Este texto reflexiona en torno a la historia de la codificación penal en la Colombia del siglo XIX y demuestra que en dicho proceso hubo una variada presencia de influjos intelectuales europeos y americanos. Se presentan los resultados en dos acápites: un

Abstract
The occurrence of natural and socially driven catastrophic events has increased in the last few decades in response to global environmental changes. One of the most societally relevant challenges in managing the effects of these events is the establishment of risk management strategies that focus on managing vulnerability, particularly in disfavored countries, and communities among them. Most cases of enhanced vulnerability occur in, but are not limited to, developing countries, where the combination of social inequity, inappropriate use of natural resources, population displacement, and institutional mistrust, among other factors, make risk management particularly challenging. This paper presents a vulnerability-centered risk management framework based on social cohesion and integration principles that, combined with scientific, technical, and popular knowledge, lead to the development of social networks of risk reduction. This framework is intended as a strategy to strengthen early warning systems (EWS), where the human-related factor is among their most challenging components. Using water-related hazards as a case study, this paper describes the experience of the conformation of a social network for environmental monitoring using this model example on vulnerability reduction in the rural areas of the central Andes in Colombia. This experience allowed the effective conformation of a social network for environmental monitoring in 80 municipalities of Colombia, where communities developed a sense of ownership with the instrumentation and the network, strengthening links with local authorities and contributing to more efficient EWS. More generally, the authors highlight the need to develop vulnerability-centered risk management via community-building strategies, particularly for areas where little can be done to decrease the occurrence of catastrophic events.

Colombia, one of the world's most species-rich nations, is currently undergoing a profound social transition: the end of a decades-long conflict with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, known as FARC. The peace agreement process will likely transform the country's physical and socioeconomic landscapes at a time when humans are altering Earth's atmosphere and climate in unprecedented ways. We discuss ways in which these transformative events will act in combination to shape the ecological and environmental future of Colombia. We also highlight the risks of creating perverse development incentives in these critical times, along with the potential benefits – for the country and the world – if Colombia can navigate through the peace process in a way that protects its own environment and ecosystems. © The Ecological Society of America