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The literature on managerial competences has not sufficiently addressed the value contents of competences and the generic features of public managers. This article presents a model of five competence areas: task competence, professional competence in substantive policy field, professional competence in administration, political competence and ethical competence. Each competence area includes both value and instrumental competences. Relatively permanent value competences are understood as commitments. The assumptions of new public management question not only the instrumental competences but also the commitments of traditional public service. The efficacy of human resource development is limited in learning new commitments. Apart from structural reforms that speed up the process, the friction in the change of commitments is seen as slow cultural change in many public organisations. This is expressed by transitional tensions in task commitment, professional commitment, political commitment, and ethical commitment of public managers.

Bureaucracy and Politics in Finland : From an Aristocratic Elite to Middle Class Policy Network.
Up until the end of the 19th century, the civil service was in the hands of an aristocratic elite. Russian domination, followed by independence, called the aristocratic privileges into question by introducing new criteria as regards qualifications for access to the civil service. This development has been characterised by the increase in overall cohesion of the civil service. Furthermore, the evolution of the economic climate has reduced politicians' margin for manoeuvre and the powers of bureaucracy have as a result been reinforced.

Book review. Reviewed work: Philosophy and Public Administration: An Introduction / by Edoardo Ongaro. ; Non peer reviewed

The purpose of the chapter is to compare the governmental steering of research in Finlandand Sweden. In both countries, policies emphasise the relevance and excellence of academicresearch. Examples include Finland's establishment of SHOKs and Swedish initiative of havingstrategic research areas. However, the countries differ in their use of centralised and decentralisedpolicy instruments. The Finnish authorities have been more active in profiling the researchof individual universities.

The IPMN 2004 biennial research conference was held on November 17-19 in Rio de Janeiro hosted by the prestigious Brazilian School of Business and Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV/EBAPE), Brazil's leading school of public and business administration. Members of IPMN are grateful for the wonderful reception and management of the conference by the staff and faculty of EBAPE. The conference was attended by approximately fifty academics from all over the world including the U.S., Europe, Russia, and Latin America, with a strong contingent of practitioners from Brazilian local governments.

Suomalaisen hallinnon kehittämisen uranuurtaja, professori Markku Temmes kuoli Helsingissä 5.12.2020. Markku Temmes oli harvinainen hallinnon kehittäjä, sillä akateemisen uransa lisäksi hän oli luonut pitkän uran johtavana virkamiehenä niin valtiovarainministeriössä kuin Valtion-hallinnon kehittämiskeskuksen johtajana. Juuri tämä teorian ja käytännön yhdistäminen teki Markusta suurenmoisen opettajan ja kiinnostavan keskustelukumppanin. Ennen kuolemaansa hän ehti vielä nähdä komitealaitoksen paluun – instituution, jota hän arvosti ja jonka alasajoa hän 1990-luvulla vastusti voimakkaasti.