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Following nuclear weapon tests, radiation accidents, functioning of mining, milling and processing industries related to fissile and fossil materials productions environments across the globe are contaminated by radionuclides representing a potential radiation exposure to humans. The book will comprise a wide spectrum of issues such as site characterization of contaminated sites before and after remediation, safety requirements, remediation planning, effectiveness of individual measures in different environments, social, ethical and economic considerations etc. It will describe modern decision aiding technologies and environmental decision support systems that can be effectively used for remediation planning and optimizing. A review of potentially effective remediation measures will be given applicable to different categories of contaminated environments and contaminants. Associated side effects (environmental and social) will also be considered. Special emphasis will be given to decommissioning of enterprises and waste management. Several case studies, demonstrating successful applications in remediation of contaminated locations of different origins: radiation accidents and incidents, areas of uranium, sand and tin mining, nuclear test sites etc., will be presented and discussed. Human based remediation measures, comprising perception of this activity by the population; to stakeholders and population involvement to making decisions on environmental safety and remediation of contaminated sites will be considered

e-IRG is a recognised strategic body composed of national delegates to facilitate integration in the area of European e-Infrastructures and connected services, within and between Member States, at the European level and globally. This e-IRG policy document addresses the role of the national nodes - including their coordination with the thematic ones - in the implementation of the e-Infrastructure Commons and its instantiation as the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). The document "National Nodes, getting organized, how far are we?" thus covers both the situation within and between member states and should be considered as a snapshot at the time of publication. e-IRG is overlooking the whole e-Infrastructure spectrum, from networking and computing to data and other services (such as middleware, software and related tools/services), covering not only short-term but also longer-term aspects, advising both Member States and the European Commission. Thus, the document covers all e-Infrastructure components, with emphasis on governance, funding and access policies. It should be noted that e-IRG does not undertake any operative role or implementation mandates, e.g. within EOSC or EuroHPC and keeps an advisory role. The EOSC initiative is intended to comprise policy decisions as well as the concrete implementation to support the Open Science policy the Europe Union and its Member States or Associated Countries have committed to. Today, in May 2019, the degree to which different e-Infrastructures are coordinated and made interoperable within the entire e-Infrastructure landscape at national and international level varies hitherto heavily from country to country in Europe. e‐IRG advocates an interoperable, federated ecosystem of domain-specific (vertical) Research Infrastructure and generic (horizontal) e-Infrastructures already at national level, which will facilitate the European level federation, such as in the form of EOSC.

Recalling the work of the e-Infrastructure Reflection Group (e-IRG) on the e-Infrastructure Commons based on the "e-IRG Roadmap 2012", the "e-IRG White Paper 2013", and the "Marketplace for e-Infrastructure Services" document which paved the way to the establishment of European Open Science Cloud (EOSC); the e-IRG Roadmap 2016,5 defining a clear route on how to evolve the European e- Infrastructure ecosystem, with clear recommendations to all related stakeholders including the national governments and funding agencies, which also contributed to further evolution of the EOSC concept; the e-IRG response to the EOSC Staff Working Document (SWD) in 2018; and the May 2018 Council Conclusions on EOSC6 that encouraged Member States to "get organized so as to prepare them for the connection to EOSC" and called on "the Commission to make optimal use of ongoing projects, existing expertise and knowledge available via existing initiatives, such as ESFRI, eIRG, GO FAIR and others", which resulted in the e-IRG National Nodes document7,8 "National Nodes - Getting organised; how far are we?" in May 2019; the work of e-IRG providing guidance and advice on the electronic needs to the ESFRI Roadmaps' proposers through dedicated documents and guides. Reaffirming the autonomy, neutrality and openness of e-IRG as advisory body for the EC, the Member States and Associated Countries, in the whole spectrum of e-Infrastructures, comprising EOSC, HPC/EuroHPC, network, data and connected services, addressing short-term aspects, but also facilitating discussions and reflections on long-term aspects in the e-Infrastructure area, providing a platform for all stakeholders to debate their views, and offer perspectives, analyse and propose approaches and consolidate ways forward.

The unifying goal of the e-IRG Workshop organized in the framework of the Portuguese EU Presidency was to address the e-Infrastructures for Climate Change and Digital Transitions, ranging from Member States/Associated Countries to European and international level, and from provider to user level. The event was conducted as a series of three (3) webinars, each of them addressing one of the top challenges the e-infrastructures face in an ever changing and transforming environment. The first webinar session was on "EOSC data and interoperability", the second on "Addressing climate change – the digital aspects", and the third one on "Going beyond: How policies can shape the development of research infrastructures facilitating data sovereignty, innovation and cultural change".

The e-IRG Workshop, organised in the framework of the German EU Presidency, took place on 1.- 2. December 2020. The Workshop was implemented as three virtual sessions with the overall theme of how e-Infrastructures can support addressing societal challenges, including public health and climate change. Presentations ranged from institutional to national, EU and international levels, and from users to providers, and policy makers/funders perspectives. The presentations of the workshop were selected in order to reflect on the current developments in the e-Infrastructures domain, including the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), High Performance Computing (PRACE and EuroHPC) and networking, and how these are linked with some of the societal challenges in different thematic areas. The three main topics addressed were i) Research Data Infrastructures, as data is the common denominator both within e-Infrastructures and across e-Infrastructures and thematic infrastructures, ii) The support of e-Infrastructures to the digital transformation in the health sector, where the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated and amplified processes, and iii) one of the biggest challenges for mankind ahead, i.e. the climate change, and the impact and benefits of e-Infrastructures in support of the EU Green deal policy, i.e. to become "climate neutral" by 2050 (without greenhouse gases).

In the Roadmap 2016 e-IRG intends to define a clear route on how to evolve the European e- Infrastructure system further, and turn the vision of the e-Infrastructure Commons into reality for 2020. e-IRG is convinced that the implementation of the e-Infrastructure Commons is a large step towards European leadership in research infrastructures including e-Infrastructures, including the realisation of the European Open Science Cloud and the EU Data Infrastructure, which are part of the Digital Single Market Technologies and the Public Service Modernisation Package.

The e-IRG Roadmap 2012 outlines a need for a European "e-Infrastructure Commons" for knowledge, innovation and science in order to meet the challenges of implementing the EU's 2020 Strategy. To implement such an e-Infrastructure Commons, a high degree of collaboration and standardisation is required. Furthermore, to provide users with leading edge services, a constant innovation at all levels is necessary. A certain degree of competition helps to ensure high quality of services and effective service provision. As a living ecosystem, an e-Infrastructure Commons must be flexible and able to change dynamically, efficiently, and in a future-proof manner. e-Infrastructures for research will only provide real value if they can provide services which are way ahead of what commercial providers can offer. In order to achieve all this, an ecosystem of different organisations is needed, both at the national and international levels, each with their own focus but also with effective coordination between them.