Suchergebnisse

The aim of the paper is to investigate the constituent features and mechanisms of positive communication and reveal their correlation with politeness. The study is based on a mixed-method research design including Positive Discourse Analysis, dichotomic division and conversational analysis, and is carried out on the material of the book The Family by Nina Fedorova (1940). The results indicate that the dichotomy positive vs negative attitude is basic for the study and implements the contrast between good and evil, ethical and unethical behaviour. The juxtaposition of attraction vs disattraction refers to the perception of an interlocutor as likable or unlikable. The dichotomy activism vs passivism reflects the willingness or unwillingness to interact, while communication involvement vs alienation is associated with the communicator's engagement in the interlocutor's affairs. The juxtaposition of alterocentrism vs egocentrism indicates whether a communicator is focused on one's own or other people's interests. The dichotomy social support vs social indifference is a reflection of empathy or its absence. In the dichotomy constructive vs destructive communication creative behaviour aimed at resolving a difficult situation is opposed to destructive actions leading to the deterioration or break-up of a relationship. One of the most important constituents of positive communication is congruency which denotes authenticity and correspondence of the person's genuine inner self with the image addressed to the outer world. Positive communication is intrinsically linked with, though not identical to, politeness. The latter does not act as an aim per se, but is rather a tool employed to make an interaction conflict-free, smooth and harmonious.

Introduction. The aim of the work is to establish the degree of consistency and graphical reliability of the information in existing manuscript plans of fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya of the Tsaritsyn guard line drawn in the 18th century in comparison with their ruined remains which were recorded in the middle of the 20th century. One of the main tasks is to present new sources for the study of Tsaritsyn guard line: photo materials of 1942–1943 and a topographical plan. They reliably allow us to recognize not only about the exact location and configuration of the Mechetnaya and Grachevskaya fortresses, but also about their basic dimensions. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that at present these sites no longer exist, and information about them has survived only in photographic or topographic form, which is introduced into scientific data for the first time. Methods and materials. The study is based on published material, archival manuscript plans from the 18th century, as well as aerial photographs from 1942–1943 and a topographical plan from the 1970s. Special technical methods of combining plans and maps with modern satellite imagery of terrain geo-information resources have allowed to compare these contemporaneous documents. Analysis. A comparative analysis of the size, shape and location of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, as well as some other sections of Tsaritsyn guard line, has been made. The article provides a comparative analysis of manuscript plans of 18th century fortresses, aerial photographs and other cartographic materials of the middle of the 20th century. Results. The use of photographs and satellite images, measurements of linear dimensions and calculations made it possible to establish the most accurate dimensional characteristics of the fortresses. The main conclusion of the research is the established fact that the plan of 1769–1770 of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, drawn by P.B. Inokhodtsev, is distinguished by quite a high degree of graphic correspondence with the ruined remains of these fortifications, fixed on the aerial photography of 1942–1943 and other materials from the 1960s and 1970s.

Introduction. The article analyzes the essence and dynamics of the views of the German historian Wolfram Wette on the history of the German Wehrmacht in the World War II. Methods and materials. The source bases of the study are monographs, publications in books, magazines, newspapers, Wette's interviews. When writing the article, such methods as historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-biographical ones, as well as the methods of communicative analysis of monographs and articles, and comparative analysis of various sources were used. Analysis. The study made it possible to single out two stages in W. Wette's research activities: the study of military history traditional issues (the military operations history, military leadership, etc.) and the study of the military "history of everyday life". The boundary between the stages became the denunciation of the myths of Stalingrad Battle which the article's author, according to the Wette's works, considers as a trigger for the World War II outcome, building a democratic society in Germany, forming a modern culture of memory. The article presents a critical analysis made by the historian W. Wette of a number of "legends" that existed in the Germany's military history and public consciousness about the "preventive" nature of the war against the Soviet Union, about the "heroic death" of the 6th Army near Stalingrad, about the "pure Wehrmacht" and his "heroes". The focus of the history of the Wehrmacht during the World War II "from below" is a "little man", a simple soldier. The author of the analyzed works pays special attention to the denial of the thesis about the impossibility of resisting the criminal policy of the Nazi leadership in the army and, using the example of ordinary Wehrmacht military men, shows a small group of "rescuers in military uniform" who risked themselves to save human lives. Results. The conclusion is made about the inseparable connection between Wette's scientific research and his social activities to overcome the Nazi past of Germany and forming a democratic consciousness of German civil society.