Suchergebnisse

Dataset captures the memberships of 37 Transnational City Networks (TCNs), such as the C40, Metropolis, EUROCITIES, 100 Resilient Cities, or the Arab Town Organization. In April 2020, these TCNs had a total or 24,530 memberships of cities, municipalities, and other sub-national governments (referred to as cities subsequently). These memberships are composed of 19,600 unique cities in 198 countries around the world. The data was collected to serve as comparative evidence for evaluating the program of one of the featured TCNs. The data allows to contrast in which regions TCNs are differently represented and active. The set was enriched with variables, such as city population, to explain variations and membership dropouts, though no significant findings could be made. The set includes an Excel workbook with dynamically coded tables and pivot charts. This workbook can be used for ready-made analytics, as well as to extend or manipulate the data.

Anstatt klassisch aufs Amt zu gehen und bürokratische Verwaltungsprozesse über sich ergehen zu lassen, bedient sich der e-Government-Nutzer elektronischen Medien. Anfangend bei einfachen Informationsportalen, bis hin zu personalisierten online Diensten, steht vor allem die Benutzeridentifizierung, die sogenannte e-ID (in Form von elektronisch lesbaren Ausweisen u.a.) im Mittelpunkt, sowie die vollständig elektronischen Abwicklung von Behördengängen und Formularausfüllungen, mündend in die Hoffnung auf ein verstärktes politisches und demokratischen Engagement. Die Anreize für Bürger, wie auch für die exekutiven Organe liegen auf der Hand: Rationalisierung und Vereinfachung. Angepackt und implementiert wird das Thema auf internationaler, nationaler, wie auch auf regionaler Ebene. Mit Aktionsplänen, best-practice-Austausch und Pilot-Projekten möchte die EU den Ausbau von interoperativen e-Government Systemen vorantreiben und damit den Zusammenhalt ihrer Mitglieder stärken – und immer soll der Bürger im Mittelpunkt stehen. Wie es um den diesen'citizen centrism steht, darüber soll diese Hausarbeit handeln. Technische, oder datenschutzrechtliche Fragestellungen, sowie vollkommen interne Vorgänge der Behörden sind eher zweitrangig. E-Government in der Exekutive beleuchtet nicht politikinterne Informationssysteme, sondern ausschließlich solche, die sich direkt der Verwaltung von Bürgeranliegen widmen. Konsequenzen, Vor- und Nachteile werden anhand des modus operandi verschiedener Staaten und EU Projekten erörtert, vor allem am österreichischen. ; This paper investigates the degree of citizen centrism in e-government information systems and concepts around the world, but especially in Austria. It looks at technical and privacy issues and elaborates on chances and risks of rationalizing interaction with authorities through technology.

The publication culture on Urban Agriculture (UA) is nearly exclusively inhabited by idealist and practitioner proponents. Foremost the economics (oftentimes influenced by Marxism) dare to critique the sustainability of the movement. In short, the people that start a UA project eventually require help from their city through recognition and policy support. The full breadth of intentions of these people are principally unknown, and this hinders policy design, in turn. Investigating these rationales (using Skot-Hansens Five Es (2005)) is the scope of this paper. It identifies a number of necessary policy changes, but ultimately pinpoints that it requires the involvement of activists, NGOs, and individual UA champions to raise awareness and to participate in policy design and implementation. It is found that, in one or the other way, most UA proponents motives can be traced back to a facet of community empowerment. Amongst the variety of rationales, especially the non-capitalist culture of UA is said to further its sustainability (not just in economic terms), because it brings forth a culture that embodies the said empowerment and shapes a democratic, inclusive sharing community. Hence, UA is identified as a strategy for urban cultural regeneration.

The devastating impacts that bio-degradable products such as plastic bags are having on human health, wildlife, and the environment is enormous, especially single-use once. Single-use plastics are non-biodegradable products and does not undergo biological decomposition nor degenerate. This review examines various government regulations targeted at changing behaviour against plastic bags consumption and their effectiveness. Following a rigorous search in 13 databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Nature, etc. only 17 peer-reviewed journal articles that are published between 2000 and 2019 and met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Each study's methodological quality was assessed using the GRADE system, and data were extracted using a uniquely designed form. The results revealed that regulations based solely on the thickness of plastic bags does not reduce plastic bags consumption. However, regulations focused on banning 'single-use' plastic bag usage, imposing higher taxes and levies on consumers, significantly reduce plastic bags consumption. Overall, the latter is considered the most effective. Also, the results show that attitude, perception and behaviour change toward bio-degradable products or climate-friendly behaviour can be significantly influenced by public policy or regulations. Although the behaviour seems short-lived in some countries, therefore further studies need to probe on why. Also, the absence of a national regulatory strategy in North America reduced the inclusion of studies from the region, hence need for more research focusing on sub-national regulations.